RESEARCH INTO THE LONG TERM IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS IN THE KOSHI HILLS OF NEPAL GIS ANALYSIS REPORT Commissioned by Nepal Government’s National Planning Commission (NPC) and The UK Government’s Department for International Development (DFID) [Contract Number PO 5504] August 2013 GRM International Ltd, in association with the Effective Development Group and the Foundation for Development Management GRM International Ltd Effective Development Foundation for 2nd Floor Group Development Management Turnberry House Level 6 JDA Complex Level II 100 Bunhill Row 444 Queen St Bagdarbar, Sundhara London, EC1Y 8ND Brisbane Kathmandu United Kingdom QLD 4000 Nepal Tel: +44(0) 20 7250 0556 Australia Tel.: +977 1 4263944 Fax: +44(0) 20 7336 8742 Tel: +61 7 3025 8500 Fax.: +977 1 4259104 Fax: +61 7 3025 8555 1 | P a g e Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... v 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Sources of GIS Datasets .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 GIS Mapping Methods.............................................................................................................. 2 2. GIS Mapping Methods ................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 GIS Mapping Process .............................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Attribute Data ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Methods of GIS Mapping ......................................................................................................... 4 2.3.1 Definitions and classifications............................................................................................ 4 2.3.2 Buffer function.................................................................................................................... 5 2.3.3 Overlay function ................................................................................................................. 5 3. GIS Map Outputs (Layouts) ........................................................................................................ 6 4. Analysis of Land Use and Land Use Change and Its Impacts ................................................ 7 4.1 Land use and land use change in the Koshi Hills .................................................................... 7 4.2 Land Use and Land Use Change in the Districts of the Koshi Hills ......................................... 8 4.3 Matrix of Change in Land Use Categories ............................................................................. 10 4.4 Factors of land use change .................................................................................................... 12 4.5 Land use and settlements versus elevation zones ................................................................ 13 4.6 Outflows of Local Products .................................................................................................... 15 5. GIS in Measuring Accessibility of Facilities ........................................................................... 19 5.1 Access to roads ...................................................................................................................... 19 5.2 Access of People to Health Facility Location ......................................................................... 20 5.3 Comparison of Access between Roads and Health Service.................................................. 20 6. Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................................... 22 References ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Annexes .......................................................................................................................................... 26 i List of Tables Titles Page Table 1a: Map layouts (Code No and titles) at the KH level 6 Table 1b: Map layouts (Code No and titles) at district level, the Koshi Hills 6 Table 2: Coverage status of land use categories by year, Koshi Hills 8 Table 3: Magnitude in change (%) in land use categories by year, Koshi Hills 8 Table 4: Magnitude in change (%) in land use category of each district of the Koshi Hills 9 by year Table 5: Matrix of relative changes (in %) of land use categories, Koshi Hills 11 (a) 1986 – 1996 (b) 1996 - 2010 (c) 1986 - 2010 Table 6: Share of total land by land use categories according to elevation zones, Koshi 13 Hills Table 7: Distribution of settlements (values in %) by elevation zone and by year 14 Table 8: Outflows of local products from the Koshi Hills districts 15 (a) Quantity (mtons) of outflows of local products 15 (b) Relative distribution of outflows by destination places 16 Table 9: Access of people (potential) to roads and health facility locations, KH 19 List of Figures Titles Page Figure 1: GIS digital data processing steps 3 Figure 2: Coverage of land use categories by year, Koshi Hills 7 Figure 3: Outflow of local products through the Koshi Hill districts 17 (a) Bhojpur 17 (b) Dhankuta 17 (c) Sankhuwasabha 18 (d) Terhathum 18 ii Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank KII Key Informant Interviews APP Agriculture Perspective Plan KIS KHARDEP Impact Studies BNMT Britain-Nepal Medical Trust KOSEVEG Koshi Seed and Vegetable CBO Community Based Organisation LFP Livelihoods & Forestry Project CBS Central Bureau of Statistics MLD Ministry of Local Development Centre for Economic Development and CEDA NDHS Nepal Demographic and Health Survey Administration Vegetable Production through Centre for Environment and Agricultural Policy National Geographic Information CEPREAD Research Extension and Development NGIIP Infrastructure Programme (CEPREAD), Seed Sector Support Project (SSSP) CFUG Community Forest User Groups NGO Non-Government Organisation CPS Community Support Programme NLSS Nepal Living Standard Survey DANIDA Danish International Development Agency NPC National Planning Commission DFID Department for International Development NSCA National Sample Census of Agriculture DHO District Health Office NUKCFP Nepal-UK Community Forestry Project DHS Nepal Demographic and Health Survey PAC Pakhribas Agriculture Centre Department of National Park and Wildlife DNPWC PAF Poverty Alleviation Fund Conservation DoE Department of Education PCRW Production Credit for Rural Women DoHS Department of Health Services PHCC Primary Health Care Centre EDG Effective Development Group PGRS Pakhribas Gurkha Reintegration Service EDR Eastern Development Region PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal Education Management Information EMIS PSC Project Steering Committee System FCHV Female Community Health Volunteer RAP Rural Access Programme FGD Focus Group Discussions RCA Reality Check Approach FHH Focal Households SHP Sub-Health Post GIS Geographic Information Systems SMIP Safe Motherhood Innovative Project GIZ German International Assistance SNV Netherlands Agency for Development GoN Government of Nepal SSSP Seed Sector Support Project HHH Host Households TBAs Traditional Birth Attendants HMGN His Majesty‟s Government of Nepal TMI The Mountain Institute HMIS Health Management Information System TOR Terms of Reference HP Health Post UNDP United Nations Development Programme International Centre for Integrated United Nations International Children‟s ICIMOD UNICEF Mountain Development Emergency Fund United Nations Development Fund For IT Information Technology UNIFEM Women KHARDEP Koshi Hill Area Development Project VDC Village Development Committee KHDP Koshi Hills Development Programme WB World Bank KHST Koshi Hills Study Team WUG Water User Groups iii Acknowledgements This study deals with the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to investigate and chart land use and land use change, as a component of the research project: „Research into the Long Term Impact of Development Interventions in the Koshi Hills (KH) of Nepal’. This report focuses on GIS based analysis of spatial patterns in the use of land-based environmental resources and cultural landscapes, with particular reference to the impacts of development interventions over the past 40 years in the Koshi Hills region of Eastern Nepal. GIS technology has long been an important tool for spatial and integrated analysis of environmental resources and when combined with several other non-spatial factors helps in judicial planning of development activities and policy decision making. The GIS database and mapping work for this research has been carried out by the Central Department of Geography (CDG), Tribhuvan University in Kathmandu, on a service contract basis with the GRM International and the CDG‟s Ms Puspa