‘The Path that Sinners Tread’ Tracking the seven deadly sins through the ƐƉĞĐŝĂůĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨ^ƚ:ŽŚŶ͛ ƐŽůůĞŐĞ>ŝďƌĂƌLJ 7 May - 30 September 2013 Open to College members and their guests during library opening hours. The Seven Deadly Sins You are very likely able to list most, if not all, of the seven deadly sins: pride, envy, anger, sloth, ĐŽǀ ĞƚŽƵƐŶĞƐƐ͕ ŐůƵƩ ŽŶLJĂŶĚůƵƐƚ͘ dŚĞLJƐĞĞŵƚŽďĞĚĞĞƉůLJĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚŝŶŽƵƌĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐŶĞƐƐ͕ ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐ without us knowing exactly where the idea came from to begin with. It is easy to understand their ĞŶĚƵƌĂŶĐĞ͗ ƚŚĞƚŚƌŝůůŽĨĐŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƟŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌďŝĚĚĞŶŚĂƐĂŚĂďŝƚŽĨĞĐůŝƉƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĐŽŵĞƐ with righteous living. Our medieval ancestors certainly seem to have recognized this and understood ƚŚĂƚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐƐŝŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂƌƚŽƌůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂůůŽǁ ĞĚĂŶĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞƚŽŝŶĚƵůŐĞĨƌŽŵĂĨĂƌ͕ ǁ ŚŝůƐƚĂůƐŽ reminding them of the consequences of overstepping the boundary from passive spectator to damned sinner. dŚŝƐĞdžŚŝďŝƟŽŶŝƐŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƚƌĂĐŬƚŚĞƐĞǀ ĞŶĚĞĂĚůLJƐŝŶƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞƐŝŶŵĞĚŝĞǀ Ăů ŵĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƉƚƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŽŵŽƌĞƌĞĐĞŶƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ ƚŚƵƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŶŐŚŽǁ ƚŚĞLJŚĂǀ ĞĞŶƌŝĐŚĞĚǁ ƌŝƩ ĞŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĂŐĞƐ͘ /ŶĚŽŝŶŐƐŽǁ Ğǁ ŝůůƐŚŽǁ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐŚĞƌĞĂƚ^ƚ:ŽŚŶ͛ ƐŚĂǀ Ğ ďĞĞŶĞŶƌŝĐŚĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ ƐĨĂƐĐŝŶĂƟŽŶǁ ŝƚŚƐŝŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐŝŶŶĞƌ͘ dŚĞ^Ğǀ ĞŶĞĂĚůLJ^ŝŶƐ͗ ƌŝĞĨ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ dŚĞƐĞǀ ĞŶĚĞĂĚůLJƐŝŶƐĂƐĂĐŽůůĞĐƟǀ ĞĞŶƟƚLJŚĂƐŝƚƐƌŽŽƚƐŝŶƚŚĞůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽĨĞĂƌůLJŚƌŝƐƟĂŶƐ͘ Tertullian (c͘ ϮϬϬͿ͕ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďLJƚŚĞĮ ƌƐƚůĞƩ ĞƌŽĨ:ŽŚŶŝŶƚŚĞE Ğǁ dĞƐƚĂŵĞŶƚ͕ ďĞůŝĞǀ ĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĞdžŝƐƚĞĚƐŝŶƐƐŽ ŐƌĂǀ ĞƚŚĂƚŚƌŝƐƚ͛ ƐŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƐƐŝŽŶĐŽƵůĚŶŽƚǁ ĂƐŚƚŚĞŵĂǁ ĂLJ͖ ƚŚƵƐ͕ ǁ ĞĮ ŶĚĂŵŽĚĞůĨŽƌƚŚĞĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶŽĨ deadly ƐŝŶƐ͕ ǁ ŚŝĐŚƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶĞƚĞƌŶĂůĚĂŵŶĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĞdžĐůƵƐŝŽŶĨƌŽŵ' ŽĚ͘ Evagrius of Pontus (c. 345–399) ŝĚĞŶƟĮ ĞĚĞŝŐŚƚĞǀ ŝůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐ;logismoi) caused by evil demons who wanted to lure monks away from ƚŚĞŝƌƉĂƚŚƚŽ' ŽĚ͖ ƚŚĞƐĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐǁ ĞƌĞŐůƵƩ ŽŶLJ͕ ůƵƐƚ͕ Ăǀ ĂƌŝĐĞ͕ ƐĂĚŶĞƐƐ͕ ĂŶŐĞƌ͕ ĂĐĞĚŝĂ;ƐůŽƚŚͿ͕ ǀ ĂŝŶŐůŽƌLJ and pride. John Cassian (c. 360–433) soon developed Evagrius’ concept of eight evil thoughts into eight principle faults͕ ƚŚƵƐƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƚŚĞǀ ŝĐƟŵŽĨĞǀ ŝůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐŝŶƚŽĂŵŽƌĞĂĐƟǀ ĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚŝŶƐŝŶ͘ ĂƐƐŝĂŶ͛ ƐƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƐĐĂŵĞƚŽƚŚĞĂƩ ĞŶƟŽŶŽĨWŽƉĞ' ƌĞŐŽƌLJƚŚĞ' ƌĞĂƚ͕ ǁ ŚŽďƌŝŶŐƐƵƐĐůŽƐĞƌƚŽƚŚĞƐĞǀ ĞŶ deadly sins with which we are familiar: ‘For pride is the root of all evil, of which it is said, as Scripture bears witness; Pride is the beginning of all sin. But seven principal vices, as its first progeny, spring ĚŽƵďƚůĞƐƐĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐƉŽŝƐŽŶŽƵƐƌŽŽƚ͕ ŶĂŵĞůLJǀ ĂŝŶŐůŽƌLJ͕ ĞŶǀ LJ͕ ĂŶŐĞƌ͕ ŵĞůĂŶĐŚŽůLJ͕ Ăǀ ĂƌŝĐĞ͕ ŐůƵƩ ŽŶLJ͕ lust’ (Moralia in Job, 31.45.87). The idea of ‘seven principle vices’, was here to stay, although vain glory eventually gave up its place to pride, Gregory’s ‘queen of sins’, and melancholy was replaced with accidie (sloth). ' ƌĞŐŽƌLJĂůƐŽŝĚĞŶƟĮ ĞĚĂ͚ ŵƵůƟƚƵĚĞŽĨǀ ŝĐĞƐ͛ ƚŚĂƚŚĞďĞůŝĞǀ ĞĚĂƌŽƐĞĨƌŽŵŚŝƐƐĞǀ ĞŶƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞǀ ŝĐĞƐ͘ &ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ͚ &ƌŽŵŐůƵƩ ŽŶLJĂƌĞƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƚĞĚĨŽŽůŝƐŚŵŝƌƚŚ͕ ƐĐƵƌƌŝůŝƚLJ͕ ƵŶĐůĞĂŶŶĞƐƐ͕ ďĂďďůŝŶŐ͕ ĚƵůůŶĞƐƐŽĨ sense in understanding’ (Moralia, 31.45.88). The concept of sins manifested as different behaviours has roots in the ancient world. Stoicism, a school of Greek philosophical thought founded by Zeno of ŝƟƵŵ;ϯϯϰ–ϮϲϮͿ͕ ŝĚĞŶƟĮ ĞĚĨŽƵƌ͚ ƉĂƐƐŝŽŶƐ͛ ;ŐƌŝĞĨ͕ ĨĞĂƌ͕ ĐƌĂǀ ŝŶŐĂŶĚƉůĞĂƐƵƌĞͿ͕ ŝƌƌĂƟŽŶĂůŝŵƉƵůƐĞƐŽĨ ƚŚĞƐŽƵůƚŚĂƚŝŶƚĞƌĨĞƌĞĚǁ ŝƚŚŽŶĞ͛ ƐŚĂƌŵŽŶLJǁ ŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůƵŶŝǀ ĞƌƐĞĂŶĚůĞĚŽŶƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚŝƐƌƵƉƟŽŶ͘ &ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ĐƌĂǀ ŝŶŐďƌĞĚǁ ĂŶƚ͕ ŚĂƚƌĞĚ͕ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƟŽƵƐŶĞƐƐ͕ ĂŶŐĞƌ͕ ůŽǀ Ğ͕ ǁ ƌĂƚŚĂŶĚƌĞƐĞŶƚŵĞŶƚ͘ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ^ƚŽŝĐ͚ ƉĂƐƐŝŽŶƐ͛ Ěŝī ĞƌƐŽŵĞǁ ŚĂƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŚƌŝƐƟĂŶŝĚĞĂŽĨƐŝŶƚŚĂƚĚĞǀ ĞůŽƉĞĚ͕ ƚŚĞ^ƚŽŝĐƐ͛ ďĞůŝĞĨŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƟǀ ĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĂƚǁ ŚŝĐŚĂůŝĞŶĂƚĞƐƵƐĨƌŽŵǀ ŝƌƚƵĞŝƐĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞǁ ŝƚŚĞĂƌůLJ ŚƌŝƐƟĂŶƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ͘ A manuscript containing biblical genealogies and diagrams of virtues. Produced in England in the 15th century. dŚĞŝĚĞĂŽĨƐŝŶƐďĞŐĞƫ ŶŐƐŝŶƐƐƵƌǀ ŝǀ ĞĚŝŶƚŽ the late-medieval period, as we can see from the Tree of Vices contained within this 15th- century manuscript. The seven deadly sins are shown to have several ‘parts’ to them, ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJůĞĂǀ ĞƐƐŚŽŽƟŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐĞǀ ĞŶ branches used to signify the foremost sins. The Tree of Vices is presented alongside a corresponding Tree of Virtues, thus emphasising its deficiencies: its leaves and branches are pale and droop towards Hell, from whence they came; its lifelessness proves that the seven sins are truly deadly. WŽƉĞ' ƌĞŐŽƌLJ͛ ƐĐŽŶĚĞŵŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝĚĞĂƐ ‘the root of all evil’ lends itself to this ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌǁ ĂLJŽĨŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐƚŚĞƐĞǀ ĞŶĚĞĂĚůLJ ƐŝŶƐ͘ /ƚŝƐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐƚŽŶŽƚĞƚŚĂƚǀ ĂŝŶŐůŽƌLJ has regained its place as one of the seven sins that result from pride, as understood by Gregory. (St John’s College, MS 58) dŚĞĞĂƌůŝĞƐƚĚŝĂŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞdƌĞĞŽĨs ŝĐĞƐĚĂƚĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĮ ƌƐƚŚĂůĨŽĨƚŚĞϭϮƚŚ century, and the figure features in Speculum theologie͕ ĂŶ͚ ĞŶĐLJĐůŽƉĞĚŝĂ͛ ŽĨŵŽƌĂů͕ ĚĞǀ ŽƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƚĂďůĞƐĂŶĚĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ͕ ƚŚĞĐŽŵƉŝůĂƟŽŶŽĨǁ ŚŝĐŚŝƐĐƌĞĚŝƚĞĚƚŽ:ŽŚŶŽĨD Ğƚnj͕ Ă&ƌĂŶĐŝƐĐĂŶ͕ ŝŶ the late-ϭϯƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚĚŝĚĂĐƟĐƐĐŚĞŵĂƐŽĨƚŚŝƐŬŝŶĚŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƚĞĚŝŶŵŽŶĂƐƟĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƌĞĂĐŚǁ ĂƐĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚĨŽůůŽǁ ŝŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨůĂLJƉĞŽƉůĞŝŶŵĂƩ ĞƌƐŽĨŵŽƌĂůŝƚLJĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞ 13th and 14th centuries. The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 made confession compulsory for all, ůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽĂƌĞĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƐĞĐƵůĂƌĐůĞƌŐLJƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚƚŽƚĞĂĐŚƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶƐŚŽǁ ƚŽ recognize sin. The fact that schemas such as the Tree of Vices were already highly visual made them ŝĚĞĂůĨŽƌĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶƚŽƐƵŝƚĂŶĞǁ ͕ ŝůůŝƚĞƌĂƚĞĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘ ^ŝŵƉůŝĮ ĞĚǀ ĞƌƐŝŽŶƐƚŚƵƐďĞŐĂŶƚŽĂƉƉĞĂƌŝŶ ĐŚƵƌĐŚǁ ĂůůƉĂŝŶƟŶŐƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞĚŝĮ ĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ͘ ďĞƐƟĂƌLJ͕ ŽƌŬŽĨďĞĂƐƚƐ͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶŶŐůĂŶĚc. 1300. dŚĞďĞƐƟĂƌLJƉƌŽǀ ŝĚĞƐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂƚĞdžƚƵĂůĂŶĚĂƌƟƐƟĐĨŽƌŵŽĨƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĞǀ ĂůƉĞƌŝŽĚƚŚĂƚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐŵŽƌĂůďĞŚĂǀ ŝŽƵƌ͕ ƚŚŝƐƟŵĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŚƌŝƐƟĂŶŝnjĞĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĞdžŝƐƟŶŐĂŶŝŵĂůůŽƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ďĞƐƟĂƌLJĚŝƐƉůĂLJĞĚŚĞƌĞŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚǁ Žǁ ŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŽůůĞŐĞ͛ ƐĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨǁ ĞƐƚĞƌŶŵĞĚŝĞǀ ĂůŵĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƉƚƐ͖ it dates from c͘ ϭϯϬϬĂŶĚŝƐďŽƵŶĚǁ ŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌƐĐŝĞŶƟĮ Đ͕ ĂƐƚƌŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůĂŶĚŵĞĚŝĐĂůǁ ŽƌŬƐ͘ dŚĞǀ ŽůƵŵĞŝƐ ŽƉĞŶĂƚĂŶŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĂŶƚĞůŽƉĞ͕ ǁ ŚŽƐĞƚǁ ŽƐŚĂƌƉŚŽƌŶƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞK ůĚĂŶĚE Ğǁ dĞƐƚĂŵĞŶƚƐ͕ which humans should use to cut themselves from vice. The story of the antelope acts as a warning ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƚŚƌĞĂƚŽĨĞŶƟĐĞŵĞŶƚĂǁ ĂLJĨƌŽŵĂǀ ŝƌƚƵŽƵƐůŝĨĞ͗ ƚŚĞďĞĂƐƚ͕ ƵƐƵĂůůLJƚŽŽƐǁ ŝŌĨŽƌƚŚĞ hunter to catch, begins to play with its horns in the branches of the heath bush. Its horns become entangled and the hunter, hearing its cries, approaches and kills it. Likewise, man may become caught up in immorality and claimed by the Devil. (St John’s College, MS 178) The image below is another ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ of an antelope, from our second ďĞƐƟĂƌLJ͕ D ^ 61. G. B. Raimondi (ed.), ƵĂŶŐĞůŝƵŵ/ĞƐƵŚƌŝƐƟƋƵĞŵĂĚŵŽĚƵŵ ƐĐƌŝƉƐŝƚD ĂƌD ĂƩ ŚĞƵƐƵŶƵƐĞdžĚƵŽĚĞĐŝŵĚŝƐĐŝƉƵůŝƐĞŝƵƐ (Rome: Typographia Medicea, 1591). Of course we must acknowledge the influence of the Bible in ƚŚĞĚĞǀ ĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŚƌŝƐƟĂŶŶŽƟŽŶŽĨƐŝŶ͘ dŚŝƐϭϱϵϭ ĞĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ' ŽƐƉĞůƐŝŶƌĂďŝĐǁ ŝƚŚĂŶŝŶƚĞƌůŝŶĞĂƌ>ĂƟŶ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƟŽŶǁ ĂƐĚŽŶĂƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŽůůĞŐĞďLJt ŝůůŝĂŵ>ĂƵĚ͕ ǁ ŚŽ was President of the College from 1611 to 1621 and became ƚŚĞƌĐŚďŝƐŚŽƉŽĨĂŶƚĞƌďƵƌLJŝŶϭϲϯϯ͘ ;>ĂƵĚĂůƐŽŽǁ ŶĞĚĂůĂƌŐĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĂďŝĐŵĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƉƚƐĂŶĚ ƐĞƚƵƉĂWƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌƐŚŝƉŝŶƌĂďŝĐ͘ Ϳ/ƚŝƐŽƉĞŶĂƚĂŶŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚĞŵƉƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŚƌŝƐƚŝŶƚŚĞ ǁ ŝůĚĞƌŶĞƐƐ͘ :ĞƐƵƐ͕ ĨĂŵŝƐŚĞĚĂŌĞƌĨĂƐƟŶŐĨŽƌĨŽƌƚLJĚĂLJƐĂŶĚŶŝŐŚƚƐ͕ ŝƐďĞŝŶŐƚĞŵƉƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĞǀ ŝůƚŽ ƚƵƌŶĂƐƚŽŶĞŝŶƚŽďƌĞĂĚ͘ :ĞƐƵƐƌĞƉůŝĞƐ͕ ͚ /ƚŝƐǁ ƌŝƩ ĞŶ͕ dŚĂƚŵĂŶƐŚĂůůŶŽƚůŝǀ ĞďLJďƌĞĂĚĂůŽŶĞ͕ ďƵƚďLJĞǀ ĞƌLJ word of God’ (Luke 4: 4). The Devil goes on to tempt Jesus with all the glory and power in the world ĂŶĚĮ ŶĂůůLJƚŽƚĞƐƚŚŝƐǀ ŽĐĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞ^ŽŶŽĨ God by throwing himself off a pinnacle of the Temple. Evagrius recognized in this ƉŝĞĐĞŽĨƐĐƌŝƉƚƵƌĞƚĞŵƉƚĂƟŽŶƐƚŽŐůƵƩ ŽŶLJ͕ avarice and vain glory. Crucially, Jesus Žǀ ĞƌĐŽŵĞƐƚĞŵƉƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞŵĂŝŶƐǁ ŝƚŚŽƵƚ sin; later in the Gospel, he defeats death by ƌŝƐŝŶŐĂŐĂŝŶ͘ ŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJƚŚĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ between sin and death, indeed the deadliness of sin, is at the core of the ŚƌŝƐƟĂŶŝĚĞĂŽĨƐĂůǀ ĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǀ ĞƌLJ ĞĂƌůŝĞƐƚĚĂLJƐŽĨŚƌŝƐƟĂŶŝƚLJ͘ (St John’s College, C.3.22) Covetousness “Dragging an old chair to the table, he sat down, and took from it a magnificent gold watch, sparkling with diamonds. ‘Aha!’ said the Jew, shrugging up his ƐŚŽƵůĚĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚĚŝƐƚŽƌƟŶŐĞǀ ĞƌLJĨĞĂƚƵƌĞǁ ŝƚŚĂŚŝĚĞŽƵƐ grin. […] At least half a dozen more [watches] were severally drawn forth from the same box, and surveyed with equal pleasure; besides rings, brooches, bracelets, ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĂƌƟĐůĞƐŽĨũĞǁ ĞůůĞƌLJ͘ ͟ Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist (London: Richard Bentley, 1838). , ĞƌĞŚĂǀ ĞŽŶĚŝƐƉůĂLJĂĮ ƌƐƚĞĚŝƟŽŶŽĨOliver Twist by ŚĂƌůĞƐŝĐŬĞŶƐ͕ ǁ ŚŝĐŚƉƌŽǀ ŝĚĞƐĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨ one of the seven deadly sins in a secular work. The novel was published serially from February 1837 to April 1838 in Bentley’s Miscellany, and as a three- volume book (as seen here) in 1838. Bentley’s Miscellany ǁ ĂƐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚďLJ' ĞŽƌŐĞƌƵŝŬƐŚĂŶŬ͕ ǁ ŚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀ ĞĚĨĂŵĞĂƐĂƐĂƟƌŝĐĂů cartoonist and had worked on the first and second series of Dickens’ Sketches by ‘Boz’ in 1836. He provided one steel etching per month to accompany each of Dickens’ instalments of Oliver Twist͘ dǁ ŽŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĚĞƉŝĐƚƚŚĞĂĐƚŽĨ ƚŚĞŌ͕ ďƵƚƐŽŵĞŚŽǁ ŶŽƚŚŝŶŐŝƐĂƐĞī ĞĐƟǀ ĞŝŶƚŚĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽǀ ĞƚŽƵƐŶĞƐƐĂƐƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŽĨ&ĂŐŝŶ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĂďŽǀ ĞŚĞŝƐďĞŝŶŐŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚƚŽK ůŝǀ ĞƌĨŽƌƚŚĞ Į ƌƐƚƟŵĞ͘ ƌƵŝŬƐŚĂŶŬ͛ ƐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌOliver Twist hint at his background as a cartoonist, and his style is very much suited to ŝĐŬĞŶƐ͛ ŐƌŽƚĞƐƋƵĞ;ĂŶĚ͕ ŵĂŶLJǁ ŽƵůĚĂƌŐƵĞ͕ ĂŶƟ-^ĞŵŝƟĐͿ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨ&ĂŐŝŶ͘ , Žǁ Ğǀ Ğƌ͕ ƌƵŝŬƐŚĂŶŬŝƐĂůƐŽĐĂƉĂďůĞ of responding to the pathos of the novel’s closing chapters (right). In a counter-image to that on display above, his ĚĞƉŝĐƟŽŶŽĨ&ĂŐŝŶǁ ŝƚŚǁ ŝůĚ͕ ƌŽĂŵŝŶŐĞLJĞƐĂƐŚĞĂǁ ĂŝƚƐ ĞdžĞĐƵƟŽŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƚŚĞŶĂƌƌĂƚŽƌ͛ ƐĂĐĐŽƵŶƚŽĨƚŚĞůĂƐƚĨĞǁ ŚŽƵƌƐ ŽĨĂŵĂŶǁ ŝƚŚůŝƩ ůĞŚŽƉĞŽĨƐĂůǀ ĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶƚŚŝƐǁ ŽƌůĚŽƌƚŚĞŶĞdžƚ͘ (St John’s College, STORE / ENGL / 600 / DIC) A Harmony of the Whole Law of God͘ WƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶ>ŝƩ ůĞ' ŝĚĚŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞϭϲϯϬƐ͘ Here we