HIGHER EDUCATION B.Ed (1.5 Years) CODE No: 8625 UNITS: 1–9 Department of Secondary Teacher Education Faculty of Education Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad i (All rights Reserved with the Publisher) First Printing ...................................... 2018 Quantity.............................................. 8000 Printer ................................................. Allama Iqbal Open University Publisher ............................................ Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad ii COURSE TEAM Chairperson: Dr. Naveed Sultana Course Development Coordinator: Dr. Munazza Ambreen Writers: Dr. Munazza Ambreen Ms. Rehana Rehman Mr. Maqsood Ahmed Mr. Muhammad Basharat Mr. Muhammad Shahban Mr. Arif Aziz Mrs. Salima Begum Mr. Babar Khan Mrs. Mona Ahsan Ms. Asma Mumtaz Reviewers: Dr. Naveed Sultana Dr. Muhammad Tanveer Afzal Dr. Munazza Ambreen Dr. Sidra Rizwan Editor: Fazal Karim Layout: Asrar ul Haque Malik iii COURSE INTRODUCTION The course ‘Higher Education’ has been designed and developed for the prospective teachers with the vision to give them in-depth understanding about the nature, need and scope of higher education in Pakistan. With the emergence of globalization and knowledge driven economies role of higher education has become even more critical in socio-economic development of any nation. It is impetus for the prospective teachers to be well aware of diverse aspects of higher education including but not limited to the role of universities, philosophy of higher education, and economics of higher education. The course will expose you to the philosophical foundations and developments of higher education in Pakistan. In global perspective it will acquaint you to the systems of education in both developing and the developed countries. Assessment in the context of higher education has also been discussed in detail. An effort has been made to highlight the problems and issue in the system of higher education in Pakistan in order to make prospective teachers sensitized and enable them to critically analyze the root causes and the possible solutions of these problems. A special attention has been given to the description of innovations and emerging trends in the field of higher education. We hope that this course will be of great value to the prospective teachers in enhancing their knowledge and transforming their attitude as a responsible member of society in general and of higher education system in particular. Prospective teachers will find it helpful in many dimensions; as a student of higher education and as a contributor of the system who shapes future of higher education. Dr. Munazza Ambreen Course Coordinator iv OBJECTIVES After studying this course the prospective teachers will be able to: 1. delineate the nature and extent of Higher Education. 2. identify significant changes, which have taken place in the field of higher education and the manner in which they are influencing the systems of education. 3. identify effect crucial problems and issues confronting Higher Education. 4. establish relationship between the process of Higher Education and development and analyze the emerging role which Higher Education is assigned to play in the socio-economic development of the country. 5. work out the implications of the political process for higher Education and find out their impact on each other. 6. identify relevant innovation in Higher education and critically discuss their role in higher education. v FOREWORD The present era is characterized by incredible advancements and tremendous changes in all walks of life. We have witnessed how the evolution of information technology has transformed the world and we have observed the inevitability of knowledge advancement as we are already in knowledge driven economy. These advancements are accompanied by many challenges, problems and issues. Globalization as a phenomenon has resulted in increased competitiveness and emergence of knowledge driven economy resulted in increased dependence of socio-economic development upon the knowledge and skills of the members of the society consequently the significance of higher education as a major driver of socio-economic development has been well established. To remain competitive in this globalized age all stake holders are looking with hope towards the sector of higher education which is not only responsible to train and educate youth of the society in a way that they are able to serve the society and to contribute in its socio-economic development, but is also responsible to produce knowledge that is required to compete with the world. Keeping in view the significance of higher education sector, this course will be an effort to highlight the importance of this sector to the prospective teachers and will equip them with the knowledge, skills and attributes to play their role in expansion and quality improvement of this sector. I want to convey my pleasure, gratitude and felicitation to the course team for their sincere endeavors to offer this much needed course. Dean Faculty of Education Allama Iqbal Open University vi CONTENTS Unit 1: Introduction to Higher Education ............................................. 1 Unit 2: Role of the University ............................................................... 23 Unit 3: Growths and Development of Higher Education ...................... 43 Unit 4: Higher Education in Developed Countries ............................... 61 Unit 5: Higher Education in Developing Countries .............................. 89 Unit 6: Economics of Higher Education ............................................... 105 Unit 7: Assessment in Higher Education .............................................. 119 Unit 8: Problems and issues in Higher Education ................................. 143 Unit 9: Innovations in Higher Education .............................................. 165 vii Unit–1 INTRODUCTION TO HIGHER EDUCATION Written by: Mr. Maqsood Ahmed Reviewed by: Dr. Munazza Ambreen 1 Introduction The human resource development of a country depends upon the quality of education imparted in country (Mohanthy, 2000). Higher education caters to the education in the colleges and universities. Allen (1988) observed “It is academically consider suitable to present distinctive feature of two stages for the purpose of clarity of concepts and avoiding duplication” Higher education is, without any doubt a stage quite distinct from primary, secondary, elementary, and higher secondary stages. In this unit we will discuss about the nature of this stage i.e Higher Education and will try to figure out the need of higher education for a society. The unit will also help you understand the scope of higher education in different societies and the status of higher education in Pakistan. Objectives of the Unit After studying this unit, the students will be able to: explain the nature of higher education as a distinct stage of education. discuss the need of higher education for a society. elaborate the Scope of Higher Education discuss the planning of higher education in Pakistan. describe the status of higher education in Pakistan. discuss the key factors influencing higher education in Pakistan. 2 1.1 Nature of Higher Education 1.1.1 Meaning of Higher Education Higher Education is defined any of the various types of Education given in post- secondary institutions of learning, and usually affording, at the end of a course of study, a Degree, diploma or certificate of Higher Studies. Higher Educational Institutions include not only Universities and Colleges, but also various Professional Schools that provide preparation in such fields as law, medicine, business, art, music, and engineering. The World Bank Study on Higher Education defines, "all formal post-secondary institutions that train middle and high level professional personnel in degree, diploma and certificate granting programmes"(The World Bank, 2000). Elaborating the diversity of the Higher Education system, the report on "Higher Education in Developing Countries — Peril and Promise" talks of vertical differentiation and the proliferation of the system "with the traditional research university being joined by polytechnics, professional schools, institutions that grant degrees but do not conduct research and community colleges" (The World Bank, 2000). The terms higher education, tertiary education and post-secondary education are used interchangeably (The World Bank, 2000). In Higher Education means excellence in different subjects, i.e., both Science and Social Sciences. Advancement in science subjects is necessary for material progress whereas Higher Education in the subjects of human and social sciences, humanities and arts, language and literature is essential for cultural growth and the development of interpersonal relations among people. Higher Education is considered as indispensable for nation building. There is a worldwide recognition that centres of higher leaming such as universities, professional colleges, institutes, etc. are powerful institutions for raising the cultural plane of a society. In advanced countries, universities constitute the mainspring of knowledge, ideas, and innovations. Without achieving excellence in Higher Education, it would not be possible for any society to produce leaders of thought and action. Higher Education is considered and recognized as a capital investment, all over the world. Higher Education is usually provided by universities and colleges. University: is defined as educational institution designed for