Animal Welfare: from Science to Law Edited by Sophie Hild and Louis Schweitzer Conference proceedings by La Fondation Droit Animal, Éthique et Sciences Le bien-être animal : de la science au droit , sous la direction de S. Hild & L. Schweitzer, Ed. l’Harmattan (2018). Souffrance animale : de la science au droit , sous la direction de T. Auffret Van Der Kemp & M. Lachance, Ed. Yvon Blais (2013). Homme et animal : de la douleur à la cruauté , sous la direction de T. Auffret Van Der Kemp & J.C. Nouët, Ed. l’Harmattan (2008). Éthique et invertébrés , sous la direction de J.C. Nouët & G. Chapouthier, Numéro spécial STAL, éditions AFSTAL (2002). Droits de l’animal et pensée chrétienne , É. Baratay, J. Gaillard, Père P.H. Coutagne, C. L’Eplattenier, O. Clément, Père J.D. Bourinet, J. Bastaire, T. Monod & J. Guitton, éditions LFDA (1987). Droits de l’animal et pensée contemporaine : Violence et droits de l’animal , F. Jacques Duché, Pr J. Proteau, Pr L.V. Thomas, Bâtonnier A. Brunois, Pr J.C. Nouët, Recteur R. Mallet, Pr D. Armengaud, Pasteur E. Mathiot, B. Dutrillaux, Pr E. Wolf & G. Chapouthier, éditions LFDA (1985). La surconsommation carnée et ses risques , Pr A. Kastler, T. Auffret van der Kemp, Pr J.J. Bernier, Pr O. Bousquet, Pr J. Cottet, G. Friedenkraft, J.P. Garnier, Pr G. Heuse, H. Jumeau, D. Lecomte, J.P. Leleu, Pr J.C. Nouët, Pr G. Pequignot, M. Perez & Pr G. Turpin, éditions LFDA (1985). Other publications by La Fondation Droit Animal, Éthique et Sciences Le Droit de l’animal , A.C. Lomellini-Dereclenne & K. Mercier, ed. L.G.D.J / Systèmes (2017). Les Droits de l’animal , J.C. Nouët & J.M. Coulon, ed. Dalloz (2nd ed. 2018). Le Droit de l'animal , S. Antoine, ed. Legis-France (2007). Les Droits de l’Animal aujourd’hui , sous la direction de G. Chapouthier et J.C. Nouët, ed. Arléa- Corlet (1997). Le Grand Massacre , M. Damien, A. Kastler, J.C. Nouët, ed. Fayard (1981). Other materials by La Fondation Droit Animal, Éthique et Sciences "Les droits de l’animal dans les foires et marchés", édition LFDA (2004). "Liberté pour les ours ! ", Julie Delfour et Stéphane Né, édition LFDA (2003). "Découvrez la corrida", édition LFDA (2003). "Pour les éléphants", édition LFDA (2002). "Réformer la pêche de loisir", édition LFDA (2002). "Protection du cheval", édition LFDA (2001). "Non au foie gras ! ", fascicule, édition LFDA (2001 - en cours de réactualisation). "La condition des animaux dans les cirques", J.C. Nouët & S. Né, édition LFDA (2000). Dossiers sur le transport des animaux, sur les dangers de l’utilisation des hormones anabolisantes dans l’élevage intensif, sur les inconvénients de l’hormone de lactation rBST (communication de ce dossier au Codex alimentarius), dossiers complétés en collaboration avec la CENPA (Coalition pour l’élevage naturel et plein air). Dossier financier et fiscal (1991), remis au ministre de l’Économie pour que la TVA soit appliquée à la corrida au taux général. "L’animal et l’école", T. Auffret van der Kemp, J.L. Laure, J.C. Nouët & S. Boutinot, éditions LFDA (1989 - en cours de réactualisation). "La tauromachie et sa réglementation", éditions LFDA (1985). "L’animal sauvage dans le spectacle", éditions LFDA (1980). Animal Welfare: from Science to Law © La Fondation Droit Animal, Éthique et Sciences (LFDA), 2019 39 rue Claude-Bernard, 75005 Paris www.fondation-droit-animal.org ISBN 978-2-9512167-5-4 Cover: Pixdelux/istock Animal Welfare: from Science to Law, 2019 Table of contents Opening speech to the symposium • J.-C. Nouët 5 Introduction • S. Hild 7 PART 1 What is animal welfare? 11 I Animal Welfare: A Brief History • I.J.H. Duncan 13 II How to access animal sentience? The close relationships between emotions and cognition • A. Boissy 21 III Evaluation of animal welfare: the weight of words and the power of numbers • I. Veissier & R. Botreau 33 IV Animal sentience: use and abuse of words Semantic and translatological differences between "bien-être" (welfare) and "bientraitance" (good treatment) of animals • A. Guillaume 41 V To which animals does animal welfare apply in law and why? • T. Auffret van der Kemp 47 PART 2 Animal welfare as taken into account by law around the world: globalisation and disparities 57 VI The European Union legislation on animal welfare: state of play, enforcement and future activities • D. Simonin & A. Gavinelli 59 VII Legal standards and animal welfare in European countries • M. Falaise 71 VIII Why American Animal-Protective Legislation Does Not Always “Stick” and the Path Forward • T.L. Bryant & M. Sullivan 77 IX Animal welfare in Central and South America: What is going on? • A.P. de Oliveira Souza, L. Oliveira Leite & C. Forte Maiolino Molento 88 X Animal welfare in Africa: strength of cultural traditions, challenges and perspectives • D.N. Qekwana, C.M.E. McCrindle, B. Cenci-Goga & Delia Grace 103 XI Animal welfare in Asia: specific flaws and strengths, future trends and objectives • Q. Nizamuddin & Sira Abdul Rahman 109 PART 3 Animal welfare in the face of socio-economic and cultural factors 119 XII The Costs and Benefits of Animal Welfare 121 XIII Impact of international trade on ethical norms • K. Mercier 123 XIV Is Animal Welfare Better on Smaller Farms? • D.M. Weary, J. Robbins, D. Fraser & M.A.G. von Keyserlingk 133 XV Initiatives and achievements by farmers and the livestock sector in favour of animal welfare • J.-L. Peyraud & L. Mirabito 141 XVI Consumer information supplements the official (statutory) animal protection efforts in Switzerland • H.-U. Huber & S. Wehrli 155 PART 4 Objectives for the future: finding alternatives, overcoming the shortcomings 163 XVII Legally accepted pain and other poor welfare in animals • D.M. Broom 165 XVIII Importance of living environment for the welfare of captive animals: behaviours and enrichment • C. Sueur & M. Pelé 175 XIX The French national strategy for animal welfare: 20 priority actions • P. Dehaumont 189 Conclusion to the symposium: Animal welfare, law and ethics • L. Schweitzer 191 3 Animal Welfare: from Science to Law, 2019 4 Animal Welfare: from Science to Law, 2019 Opening speech to the symposium Pr Jean-Claude Nouët Honorary President of La Fondation Droit Animal, Éthique et Sciences (LFDA) (The Foundation for Animal Law, Ethics and Sciences) Mr Louis Schweitzer, the President of La Fondation Droit Animal, Éthique et Sciences, and I express our gratitude to Daniel Janicot, the President of the French National Commission for Unesco for granting us with the patronage of the Commission for this conference, without any hesitation, even with enthusiasm. We also thank His Excellency Philippe Alliot, the French ambassador to Unesco, who has approved that this international conference is held here, in the world centre for science and culture. This is the twelfth conference that our Foundation has organised since its creation in 1977. At the time, we were five people who wanted to constitute a think tank about the living conditions that humans impose to animals for their own interest. Let us remind ourselves who were the founders: Alfred Kastler, Nobel Prize in Physics, Rémy Chauvin, ethologist, Philippe Diolé, author and explorer, Georges Browers, legal expert, and myself, biologist and doctor. From the beginning, we have seen the necessity to make people with too often compartmentalised knowledge meet, zoologists, lawyers, moralists, biologists, historians, doctors, veterinaries, religious people, etc. I will not list all our conferences, but I underline the evolution of the subjects throughout the years. The first ones mainly dealt with philosophy and ethics, then the interest focused on neurophysiology and behaviour, and then tightened on the feeling and suffering of animal and humans’ responsibility, entitled, “Human and animal: from pain to cruelty”, topic of our 2007’s conference, and “Animal suffering: from science to law”, in 2012. These two conferences allowed us to reaffirm the existence of pain and suffering in animals. That of 2012 more precisely showed that the law, still often limited to ban practices that can harm the animals, can and must progress based on the acquisition of scientific knowledge, and evolve towards measures which positively benefits the animals, meaning which can bring them satisfactions, in a word, a feeling of welfare. The topic needed to be dealt with in depth, and in his general conclusion, Mr Schweitzer had wished – I quote him – “that the next symposium will address the issue of animal welfare and its perception throughout the world, because science is also moving forward in this area and that we have a great deal to learn from this field and its consequences in ethical and legal terms”. Since 2014, we have fully worked on the design of a balanced and as complete a programme as possible, as well as on the search of the most qualified speakers. We very much thank the speakers who kindly accepted our invitation and travel, some of them from very far away, in order to share with us their science and enrich our exchanges. From this conference, we expect to have answers to questions of primary interest, as for example: What is the scientific definition of animal welfare? On which criteria should it be assessed? Which national or international legislations take it into account? Which animals are concerned with it, which are not and why? What are the obstacles to the concern of securing animal welfare? This conference and its conclusions will significantly contribute to inform the public. They will also reinforce the steps to undertake in favour of new regulatory measures, particularly because of the reorientation of regulations, which, regarding animal welfare, tend to abandon obligations of means and only target a result obligation, which will lead to the necessity of controls which will have to be based on rigorous and unquestionable appraisal criteria.