Topics in Dental Biochemistry Martin Levine Topics in Dental Biochemistry Martin Levine Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Colleges of Medicine and Dentistry University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center 940, S.L. Young Blvd Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA [email protected] ISBN 978-3-540-88115-5 e-ISBN 978-3-540-88116-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-88116-2 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: eStudioCalamar, Figueres/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) In memory of my brother Ian J Levine BDS 1947–2009 Preface Over the last 30 years, the development of molecular biology has revolutionized our under- standing of the biochemistry underlying biology and medicine. As yet, there is no intro- ductory text that relates this revolution to topics of major interest to dentistry. Because of increasing demands to make biochemistry useful by translating its findings into better treatments for problems in medicine, the dental field needs a similar textbook. The primary aim of this book is to integrate general biochemistry into topics that specifically pertain to dental health and disease. First and second year dental students have completed a general biochemistry course, but have, at best, a sketchy idea of how the material in that course relates to dentistry. In a traditional dental curriculum, the topics of this book are covered in physiology, nutrition, anatomy, histology, microbiology or immunology. This book was written to enable dental students to integrate their general biochemistry within these topics of dental interest. It was considered neither desirable nor practical to fill the text with refer- ences, except for the figures and tables. The formal discipline of dentistry was initially developed in the late 19th century to treat dental caries, but it quickly spread to treat all diseases that affect the oral cavity. Dental treatments have progressed enormously over the last 40 years, as have treatments for many other diseases. The most powerful new dental treatments have come from water fluoridation, better oral hygiene measures, new mechanical or replacement materials, and the adoption of drugs developed for non-dental diseases. Nevertheless, these measures are not universally effective and improvements can be made in many areas. The most widespread and commonly treated dental diseases, dental caries and peri- odontal disease, are chronic conditions caused by interactions between the host and oral bacteria that are still only partially understood in detail. A second aim of this book is therefore to point out the current knowledge for a future generation to build upon. While I hope the descriptions of dental caries and fluoride are pretty standard, describing a modern and coherent view of periodontal disease was a problem. This is a field with which I began my PhD and am still active. Unfortunately, almost every researcher in this field has their own view of how chronic periodontitis begins and some may choose to disagree strongly with parts of Chapters 13 and 14. In these chapters, I have attempted to describe a coherent biochemical view of the development and progression of the various chronic and aggressive periodontal diseases. A draft version of these chapters was reviewed by a colleague, Dr. Thomas Van Dyke, newly appointed Vice President of Clinical Research and Chair, Department of Periodontology, at The Forsyth Institute, vii viii Preface Boston. Tom gave me valuable insights on how to draft these chapters, but the end product is mine. I am indebted to the Oklahoma College of Dentistry Faculty, Dean Steven Young and Dr. Kenneth Coy, for encouraging me to develop this book, which is based on my lectures to first-year dental students during their second semester. I very much thank Dr. Celeste Wirsig, Associate Professor, Dept of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), for reading and re-reading almost all of the many draft chapters, and for figures credited to her; Dr. Paul DeAngelis, professor and colleague in the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, who contributed substantially to the chapter on blood clotting; Dr. Chadwick Cox who first sketched the figures that Dr. DeAngelis provided for this book; and Ms Lindsay Collins, my technical assistant, who tirelessly reformatted all the chapters and helped me negotiate copyright approval for figures and tables as necessary. I would also like to thank following who reviewed proofs: Dr. Sharon M. Wahl, Chief, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch and some of her staff at NIDCR who provided me with helpful suggestions and comments on many of the chapters; OUHSC Graduate Students in Biochemistry and Dentistry, Mary Tappert (Chapters 1 and 2) and John R Lovell (Chapters 12 and 16); Dr. Zsolt Lohinai, a colleague at the Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Chapter 13); Dr. Augen Pioszak, an expert in calcium metabolism and a new colleague in the Department (Chapters 19 and 10), Dr. DeAngelis (Chapter 11) and Dr. Wirsig-Weichmann (Chapters 3 through 8). I wish to thank the Springer Verlag Editorial Board for agreeing to publish this book, and their assistants who asked me every year when the book would be ready and who gave me innumerable deadlines that I could not keep. I hope very much that this book fulfils their expectations. Finally, I dedicate this book to my wife, Laura, for her continuous support of my career. I began my career as a BDS degree and was working as a Dentist in the UK National Health Service alongside my father in Glasgow, Scotland at the age of 23. Laura encour- aged me to follow my dreams and undertake a BSc honors degree in Biochemistry, fol- lowed by a PhD degree from the University of Glasgow. She and our two very young boys accompanied me for a year in the USA on a Sir Henry Wellcome Fellowship at the University of Washington, Seattle in 1973. The following year, I was invited to become a visiting assistant professor at SUNY Buffalo, where I started to teach the material in this book. In 1976, I came to the Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center where I have spent the last 34 years. Oklahoma, USA Martin Levine Contents 1 Necessary Basics: Elements, Isotopes, Ions, Chemical Reactions, Energy Metabolism, and Bacterial Structures ............................. 1 1.1.1. Atomic Structure: Elements and Isotopes ................................................ 1 1.1.2. Isotopes Date Paleontology Samples Such as Teeth ................................ 4 1.1.3. Isotopes Indicate Ancient Life Forms and Climate Changes................... 5 1.1.4. The Elements in Biology ......................................................................... 5 1.1.5. Fluorides .................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1. Chemical Bonds ....................................................................................... 6 1.2.2. Electrostatic Bonds (Ions) ........................................................................ 6 1.2.3. Covalent Bonds ........................................................................................ 7 1.2.4. Polarized Covalent Bonds ........................................................................ 7 1.2.5. Hydrophobic Bonds ................................................................................. 8 1.3.1. Mechanisms of Energy Production: Respiration and Fermentation ........ 9 1.3.2. The Oral Microbiota, Dental Caries, and Periodontal Disease ................ 10 1.4.1. Bacterial Cell Structures .......................................................................... 14 1.4.2. Outer Surface of Bacteria......................................................................... 14 2 Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production .......................................................... 17 2.1.1. Role of Photosynthesis in Living Organisms ........................................... 17 2.1.2. The Light Reaction .................................................................................. 18 2.2.1. The Dark Reaction ................................................................................... 21 2.2.2. Starch and