Transportation Engineering-II Prof. Rajesh Bhagat Asst. Professor, CED, YCCE, Nagpur B. E. (Civil Engg.) M. Tech. (Enviro. Engg.) GCOE, Amravati VNIT, Nagpur Achievement Selected Scientist, NEERI-CSIR, Govt. of India. GATE Qualified Three Times. UGC - NET Qualified in First Attempt. Selected Junior Engineer, ZP Washim. Three Times Selected as UGC Approved Assistant Professor. Assistant Professor, PCE, Nagpur. Assistant Professor, Cummins College of Engg. For Women. Topper of PhD Course Work at UGC-HRDC, RTMNU Nagpur. Mobile No.:- 8483002277 / 8483003474 Email ID :- [email protected] Website:- www.rajeysh7bhagat.wordpress.com Course Objective: 1) To acquaint development of railway transportation in India. 2) To understand geometric design of railway tracks. 3) To know zoning laws for development of air transportation in India. 4) To study tunnel alignment and necessity of tunnels. Course Outcome: 1) An ability to update & upgrade knowledge about transportation system in India. 2) An ability to design railway tracks & crossing. 3) An ability to avail information about development of air transportation in urban areas. 4) An ability to understand the construction of tunnel & advances in tunneling. 2 Unit-I 1) Transportation and Its Development: Long term operative plans for Indian Railways, Classification Lines and their track standards 2) Railway Terminology 3) Administration & Management 4) Traction and tractive resistance, Hauling capacity and tractive effort of locomotives, Different types of tractions 3 Unit-II 1) Permanent Way: Alignment surveys, requirement, gauges, track section, coning of wheels, stresses in railway track, high speed track, rail types and functions, selection for rails, test on rail wear & defects, corrugation and creep of rails, rail joints, short and long welded panels. 2) Sleepers: Function, types, merits and demerits, sleeper density, ballast cushion, ballast section, rail fixtures and fasteners. 3) Geometric Design of Railway Track: Gauge, gradients, speed, super elevation, cant deficiency negative super elevation, curves, length of transition curves, grade compensation. 4) Points and Crossing: Left and right hand turnouts, turnouts & crossovers, railway track functions . 4 Unit-III 1) Station and Yards: Types, functions, facilities & equipments. 2) Railway Signaling and Interlocking: Objects and principles of signaling, classification and types of signals, control and movement of trains, track circulation, interlocking. 3) Railway Track construction, inspection & modern techniques of maintenance, modern technology related to track & tractions, rolling stock, signaling & controlling 5 Unit-IV 1) History of Air Transportation in India: Comparison with other transportation modes, aircraft components and characteristics, airport site selection, modern aircrafts. 2) Airport Obstructions: Zoning laws, imaginary surfaces, approach and turning zone, clear zone, vertical clearance for highway & railway. 3) Runway And Taxiway Design: Windrose diagram, cross wind component, runway orientation and configuration, basic runway length and corrections, runway geometric design standards, taxiway layout and geometric design standards, exit taxiway. 6 Unit-V 1) Airport Layout and Classification: Terminal area, aircraft parking and parking systems, unit terminal concept, aprons, hangers, International airports layout, helipads and heliports. 2) Visual Aids: Airport marking and lighting for runways, taxiways and other areas. 3) Air Traffic Control: Need, networks, control aids, instrumented landing systems, advances in air traffic control. 7 Unit-VI Tunnels: Alignment, surveys, cross section of highway & railway tunnels, tunneling methods in hard rock and soft grounds, tunnel lining, drainage, ventilation and lighting of tunnels, advances in tunneling techniques, tunnel boring machines, case studies. 8 Text Books: SN Author Name Title Publication 1 S. C. Saxena & S. P. Arora Railway Engineering Dhanpath Rai S. K. Khanna 2 M. G. Arora Airport Planning and Design Nem Chand & Bro. S. S. Jain 3 S. P. Chandola Transportation Engineering S. Chand 4 S. C. Rangwala Railway Engineering Charotar House 5 S. C. Saxena Tunnel Engineering Dhanpath Rai Reference Book: SN Author Name Title Publication 1. Robert Horonjeff, Francis, et al Planning and Design of Airports The McGraw Hill Co. 9 Railway Station: 1) A railway station or a railroad station and often shortened to just station. 2) A place where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers and goods. 3) A place where railway trains come to halt on order to take up and get down passenger and goods. 4) At station traffic is booked and an authority is given to travel in the trains. 10 Station and Yards 11 Purpose of Railway Station:- 1) To take up or exchange of passengers and goods. 2) To control the train movements 3) To enable the trains on a single line track , to cross from opposite directions. 4) To enable the following express trains to overtake 5) For taking diesel or coal and water for locomotives 6) For detaching engines and running staff 7) For detaching or attaching of compartments and wagons 8) For sorting of bogies to form new trains, housing of locomotive in loco sheds. 9) In emergencies in ease of dislocation of track due to rains, accidents etc... 10) For repairing engines and changing their direction 12 Requirements of Railway Station:- A railway should satisfy the following basic requirements provided for: 1) Public 2) Traffic Staff & Police 3) Trains Requirements 4) Locomotives 5) Development of Railways: 13 Public Requirements: 1) A booking office for tickets. 2) Good & Passenger platforms. 3) Drinking Water. 4) Lighting & Ventilation. 5) Waiting Room. 6) Sanitary Arrangements 7) Telephone, Refreshment Room, Inquiry room, etc 8) Display Board Traffic Staff & Police: A station should provide facilities to staff to perform their duties in a best possible way 14 Trains Requirements: 1) Control of movements by signal. 2) Sufficient number if sidings & platforms. Locomotives: 1) Proper arrangement for supply of fuel and water to locomotives. 2) Arrangement for cleaning, examining, inspection & maintenance. Development of Railways: 1) Easy & comfortable approach road to station. 2) Installation of clock for correct time, guide map of city & display boards. 3) Availabilities of coolies. 4) Waiting rooms, underground passages, staircase, escalators, restaurants, etc. 15 Factors Influencing The Selection of Site for a Railway Station: 1) Close to town. 2) Sufficient area availability for future development. 3) Fairly level ground. 4) Road connectivity. 5) Site should not be on the curve of railway line. 6) Sufficient quantity of water. 7) Should not be in low laying area. 8) Site should not be on slope. 9) Drainage facilities. 16 Classifications of Railway Stations Railway stations Operational Functional 1. Wayside Block Non-Block 2.Junction 1.Class A 1.Class D 3.Terminal 2.Class B 2.Flag 3.Class C 3.Spl.class Station can be classified according to operational & functional characteristics as below: A) Operational Classification: Indian Railway classified the stations as below. 1) Block Stations – Class A, Class B, & Class C in descending order of importance. 2) Non-block Stations – Class D Stations & Flag Stations. 3) Special Class Stations. B) Functional Classification: Based on their function, stations are classified as below. 1) Wayside Stations 2) Junction Stations 3) Terminal Stations 18 A) Operational Classification: 1) Block Stations – Class A, Class B, & Class C in descending order of importance. Block station is a place on the railway line at which permission to approach and authority to proceed are granted. Block stations are sort of compartments into which the rail line is divided, are established so as to safety space the train behind each other. Block stations are made at the ends of block section and are equipped with signals which demarcate the limits of the block sections. 2) Non-block Stations – Class D Stations & Flag Stations. These are called Class D or Flag stations. These are situated between two consecutive block stations They do not define the boundary of any block section. Neither telegraphically connected to adjacent stations nor have any apparatus or staff for controlling the movements of train. 3) Special Class Stations – Those are not covered under A, B, C, & D classes 19 Class A Stations: Where the line has to be cleared up to an adequate distance (400m) beyond the home signal for giving permission to approach to a train. Home Signal, Starter Signal & Warner Signal. Class B Stations: Where the line has to be cleared upto an adequate distance beyond the outer signal before giving permission to approach to a train. Outer signal is used at distance of 580m from the home signal. Class C Stations: It is a block hut where no passenger are booked. It is used as a means to split a long block section so that the interval between successive trains is reduced. Trains usually do not stop at these stations. Class D Stations: Station does not define the boundary of any block section. No staff for controlling movements of the trains. Flag Stations: Trains are stopped by various ad hoc arrangements. Not connected telegraphically & no apparatus. Special Class Stations: Those are not covered under A, B, C, & D classes. 20 21 Functional Classification: Based on their function, stations are classified as below. 1) Wayside Stations 2) Junction Stations 3) Terminal Stations Wayside Stations: In this type arrangements are made