PICES Scientific Report No. 35 2008 PICES Working Group on Climate Change, Shifts in Fish Production, and Fisheries Management Impacts of Climate and Climate Change on the Key Species in the Fisheries in the North Pacific Edited by Richard J. Beamish December 2008 Secretariat / Publisher North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., Canada. V8L 4B2 E-mail: [email protected] Home Page: http://www.pices.int Contents Executive Summary..........................................................................................................................................ix Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................xxvii Abstract ...............................................................................................................................................................1 Synopsis...............................................................................................................................................................3 Country Reports ...............................................................................................................................................13 Canada The Fishery..................................................................................................................................................................15 Climate and Ocean Impacts.........................................................................................................................................25 Potential Impacts of Global Warming on the Climate and Ocean Environment of Key Species in the Fishery .........27 Key Species in the Fishery ..........................................................................................................................................30 Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria).........................................................................................................................30 Biology.......................................................................................................................................................30 Fishery.......................................................................................................................................................31 Climate and ocean effects..........................................................................................................................31 Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii).........................................................................................................................32 Biology.......................................................................................................................................................32 Fishery.......................................................................................................................................................32 Climate and ocean effects..........................................................................................................................32 Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) ..................................................................................................................33 Biology.......................................................................................................................................................33 Fishery.......................................................................................................................................................33 Climate and ocean effects..........................................................................................................................34 Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis)...........................................................................................................34 Biology.......................................................................................................................................................34 Fishery.......................................................................................................................................................35 Climate and ocean effects..........................................................................................................................35 Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus).................................................................................................................35 Biology.......................................................................................................................................................35 Fishery.......................................................................................................................................................37 Climate and ocean effects..........................................................................................................................38 Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax).......................................................................................................................38 Biology.......................................................................................................................................................38 Fishery.......................................................................................................................................................38 Climate and ocean effects..........................................................................................................................39 Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)...................................................................................................................40 Biology.......................................................................................................................................................40 Fishery.......................................................................................................................................................40 Climate and ocean effects..........................................................................................................................40 Pacific salmon.....................................................................................................................................................41 Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)............................................................................................................41 Biology.......................................................................................................................................................41 Fishery.......................................................................................................................................................41 iii Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) .............................................................................................................42 Biology.......................................................................................................................................................42 Fishery.......................................................................................................................................................43 Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) ...................................................................................................................43 Biology.......................................................................................................................................................43 Fishery.......................................................................................................................................................43 Impacts of Global Warming on all Pacific Salmon in the Fishery ..............................................................................43 Impacts of Global Warming on the Key Non-salmon Species in the Fishery .............................................................46 Sablefish .............................................................................................................................................................47 Pacific herring.....................................................................................................................................................47 Pacific hake.........................................................................................................................................................49 Pacific halibut.....................................................................................................................................................49 Pacific ocean perch.............................................................................................................................................50 Pacific sardine.....................................................................................................................................................50 Pacific cod ..........................................................................................................................................................51 References ...................................................................................................................................................................52 Japan The Fishery..................................................................................................................................................................57