River Mease Road Runoff: impacts on water and sediment quality Final Report Client: Natural England APEM Ref 413482 March 2016 This project is part of the IPENS programme (LIFE11NAT/UK/000384IPENS) which is financially supported by LIFE, a financial instrument of the European Community Registered in England No. 2530851, Registered Address Riverview A17 Embankment Business Park, Heaton Mersey, Stockport, SK4 3GN NJ Rogers1, WH Blake1*, R Goddard1, S Comber1, R Hartley1, S Lewin1 and P.Stone2 1Catchment and River Science Research Group (CaRiS), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, PL4 8AA (*[email protected]) 2APEM Ltd Client: Natural England Address: APEX Court City Link Nottingham NG2 4LA Project reference: Date of issue: ________________________ Project Director: Dr David Fraser Project Manager: Dr Peter Stone Other: Professor Will Blake, Dr Nicola Rogers ________________________ APEM Ltd Riverview A17 Embankment Business Park Heaton Mersey Stockport SK4 3GN Tel: 0161 442 8938 Fax: 0161 432 6083 Registered in England No. 2530851 Registered in England No. 2530851, Registered Address Riverview A17 Embankment Business Park, Heaton Mersey, Stockport, SK4 3GN Revision and Amendment Register Version Date Section(s) Page(s) Summary of Changes Approved by Number 1 10/2/15 5 59 DRAFT for client comment PS 2 10/4/15 5 67 FINAL PS 3 28/4/15 5 67 Final following client comment PS 1. Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Project Brief .............................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Review of Road Run-Off and Road-Derived Contaminants ..................................... 10 1.4 Water Quality and Bioavailability of Metals.............................................................. 11 1.5 Sediment Quality .................................................................................................... 15 2. Methodology .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Site Selection and Sediment Collection ................................................................... 15 2.2 Field monitoring ...................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Water quality chemical analyses ............................................................................. 16 2.4 Sediment processing and chemical analyses .......................................................... 20 2.5 Walkover Survey to Verify Specific Sources............................................................ 20 3. Results and Discussion .................................................................................................. 21 3.1 Stream monitoring record and context of water samples ......................................... 21 3.2 Water Quality Monitoring for Summer and Winter Storm Events ............................. 28 3.2.1 Summer storms ................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2 Winter storms ...................................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Bioavailability of Metals ....................................................................................... 37 3.3 Stream sediment and road dust metal content ........................................................ 38 3.4 Fingerprinting road sediment inputs to channel sediment........................................ 53 3.5 Walkover survey to identify sources of diffuse pollution .......................................... 57 3.5.1 Wet weather sampling ......................................................................................... 57 3.5.2 Bioavailability of metals from conduit sources ..................................................... 58 4. Summary and Recommendations .................................................................................. 61 5. References .................................................................................................................... 64 List of Figures Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the biotic ligand model (BLM) showing the inter-relationships between chemistry, physiology, toxicology and the needs of regulatory agencies (re-drawn from Di Toro et al 2001 & Paquin et al 2002). ....................................................................... 13 Figure 2: All road/stream interaction points with numbered sampling locations for road dust and sediment quality (up and downstream of road crossings). .............................................. 18 Figure 3: Location of Troll 9500 sondes with probes monitoring water depth, electrical conductance and turbidity plus the ISCO automatic water samplers ..................................... 19 Figure 4: air temperature (AIR T), C; hydrograph (DEPTH), m; and conductivity (SEC), µS; trace for the monitoring point at Packington showing storm flow events and corresponding SEC response. Note SEC peaks in storm flow after air temperature dropped below 0°C which is linked to road gritting ......................................................................................................... 22 Figure 5: Hydrograph and SEC for storm event sampled 07/10/14 ....................................... 24 Figure 6: Hydrograph and SEC for storm event sampled 15/10/14 ....................................... 25 Figure 7: Hydrograph and SEC for storm event sampled 07/11/14 ....................................... 26 Figure 8: Hydrograph and SEC for storm events sampled 10/12/2014 and 11/12/2014 ....... 27 Figure 9: Baseline dissolved metal concentrations for copper, zinc and nickel for ISCO samples collected on 3/09/2014/. Water depth and conductivity are also shown. ................. 29 Figure 10: Dissolved metal concentrations for copper, zinc and nickel collected by ISCO samplers during the storm event 04/10/2014. Water depth and conductivity are also shown. ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Figure 11: Dissolved metal concentrations for copper, zinc and nickel collected by ISCO samplers during the storm event 07/10/2014. Water depth and conductivity are also shown. ............................................................................................................................................. 33 Figure 12: Dissolved metal concentrations for copper, zinc and nickel collected by ISCO samplers during the storm event 07/11/2014. Water depth and conductivity are also shown. ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 13: Dissolved metal concentrations for copper, zinc and nickel collected by ISCO samplers during the storm event 09&10/12/2014. Water depth and conductivity are also shown ................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 14: Dissolved metal concentrations for copper, zinc and nickel collected by ISCO samplers during the storm event 1/12/2014. Water depth and conductivity are also shown . 36 Figure 15: Bulk concentrations of (a) copper zinc and (b) zinc measured in road dust samples from across the system, categorised by road size ................................................................. 42 Figure 16 Concentrations of (a) Cr, (b) Fe, (c) Cd, (d) Pb, (e) Rh and (f) Pt, measured in road dust samples from across the system, categorised by road size ........................................... 44 Figure 17: Bulk concentrations of (a) copper and (b) zinc measured in stream sediment downstream of road crossings of different category .............................................................. 46 Figure 18: Concentrations of (a) Pb (b) Rh and (c) Pt measured in stream sediment downstream of road crossings of different category .............................................................. 49 Figure 19: Concentrations of (a) Ni and (b) Cd measured in stream sediment downstream of road crossings of different category ...................................................................................... 50 Figure 20: The spatial pattern of metal loadings in Gilwiskaw Brook and the wider catchment showing linkages between contaminant concentrations (mg/kg) for copper (Cu) and traffic density according to road classification. ................................................................................ 51 Figure 21: The spatial pattern of metal loadings in Gilwiskaw Brook and the wider catchment showing linkages between contaminant concentration (mg/kg) for zinc (Zn) and traffic density according to road classification. ............................................................................................ 52 Figure 22: Output of the Discriminant Function Analysis test showing ability of the fingerprint properties to discriminate the identified sources where 1 is the catchment material, 2 is the A road material, 3 is the B road material, 4 the minor road material and 5 the urban material. Test run in IBM SPSS entering independent variables together to maximise dimensionality of the fingerprints.