University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Open Access Dissertations 5-13-2011 The Phylogeography of Marstonia Lustrica: Understanding the Relationship Between Glaciation and the Evolution and Distribution of a Rare Snail Thomas W. Coote University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons Recommended Citation Coote, Thomas W., "The Phylogeography of Marstonia Lustrica: Understanding the Relationship Between Glaciation and the Evolution and Distribution of a Rare Snail" (2011). Open Access Dissertations. 399. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/399 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF MARSTONIA LUSTRICA: UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLACIATION AND THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF A RARE SNAIL. A Dissertation Presented By THOMAS W. COOTE Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2011 Department of Environmental Conservation © Copyright by Thomas W. Coote, 2011 All Rights Reserved THE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF MARSTONIA LUSTRICA: UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLACIATION AND THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF A RARE SNAIL. A Dissertation Presented By THOMAS W. COOTE Approved as to style and content by: _________________________________________________ Kevin McGarigal, Chair _________________________________________________ Andrew Whiteley, Member _________________________________________________ Douglas G. Smith, Member _________________________________________________ Stephen DeStephano, Member _________________________________________________ Donald Roeder, Member _________________________________________________ Robert Schmidt, Member ________________________________________________ Paul R. Fisette, Department Head Environmental Conservation ABSTRACT THE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF MARSTONIA LUSTRICA: UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLACIATION AND THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF A RARE SNAIL. MAY 2011 THOMAS W. COOTE, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Kevin McGarigal Marstonia lustrica is a poorly understood aquatic snail, relatively rare throughout its range and listed in the State of Massachusetts as Endangered (MNHESP 2010, Hershler et. al 1987). It is the northern-most cold temperate species of its genus, with other members of the genus occurring along the southern edge of its range and in the southeastern United States (Thompson 1977). The current range of M. lustrica appears to follow the maximum extent of the Laurentide Glacier (20–25 kya), extending from Minnesota to western Massachusetts. Research regarding the distribution, ecology, and phylogeny of M. lustrica in the State of Massachusetts and eastern New York raised the possible role of glaciers and pro-glacial lakes in the establishment and distribution of the snail, leading to the hypothesis that its distribution and evolution may be dependent upon glacial processes. A full range survey was completed in 2007 and 2008, with populations identified in 20 water bodies from Minnesota to Massachusetts, and Ohio to Ontario, Canada. Fifty-seven specimens from the 20 populations were sequenced for two mtDNA markers (COI and NDI), developing both phylogenetic trees and haplotype networks. Here I present those trees and networks, and correlate the distribution of these populations and their representative haplotypes with both glacial events and contemporary watersheds, using AMOVAs and Mantel tests to examine several iv phylogeographic models. In addition to the results for M. lustrica, the unexpected occurrence of several other species of Marstonia spp. found across the range of M. lustrica are presented, including M. pachyta, M. comalensis, and M. hershleri. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………...iv LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………..viii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………...ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..1 Background…………………………………………………………………….....4 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………….11 Ecology………………………………………………………………..................11 Taxonomy and Morphology………………………………………………..........15 Biogeography across the Range…………………………………………............17 Biogeography of the Eastern Populations……………………………………….20 Glaciation………………………………………………………………………..25 Taxonomy and Genetics…………………………………………………………34 3. METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………...…39 Fieldwork Protocol………………………………………………………………40 Taxonomy and Morphology……………………………………………………..43 Phylogenetics…………………………………………………………………….45 Extraction, PCR, and Sequencing ………………………………………45 Quantitative Analysis.…………………………………………………...48 4. RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………..51 Morphology……………………………………………………………………....51 Phylogenetics………………………………………………………………….....60 Sequence Analysis……………………………………………………….62 Quantitative Analysis…………………………………………………....74 5. DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………..79 vi 6. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………87 Conservation…………………………………………………………………….93 APPENDICES A. LIST OF LAKES, RIVERS AND PONDS SAMPLED IN 2000-05................96 B. LIST OF LAKES, RIVERS AND PONDS SAMPLED IN 2007-08………....97 C. COI SEQUENCE TEXT FILES………...…….……………………….…….....98 D. NDI SEQUENCE TEXT FILES…………..…….……………………….…....109 E. LIST OF SEQUENCED POPULATIONS ...…...…………………………....115 F. EXTRACTION PROTOCOL ...............…….......………………………….....116 G. GLACIAL MAPS..…………………..……………………………………......117 H. NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION PATTERNS…….………………………..125 I. HAPLOTYPE TABLE FOR COI………………………………………….....126 J. HAPLOTYPE TABLE FOR NDI…………………..……………..……….....127 LITERATURE CITED….………………………………………………………...……128 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. List of other Marstonia species……….….…...…..…….….................…............21 2. Glacial events and time frames…………..….………….......................................28 3. Major glacial lakes, time frames, and flow regimes..............................................31 4. List of morphological character states………………..…....................................44 5. Regional cluster assignments for AMOVAs……......................……..…............50 6. List of lakes and water quality results…..…….…................................…............52 7. Haplotype list from pilot study………………..................…………..............….61 8. AMOVA results for COI sequences......................................................................75 9. Mantel results for COI and Euclidian Distance……..…......................................76 10. Mantel results for NDI and Euclidian Distance…..…...…...................................76 11. Mantel results for Watershed and Cell..............……..….….................................77 12. Partial Mantel results for Watershed and Cell...…...............................................77 13. AMOVAs for COI and NDI………...…………….............…...…………..........78 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Historical populations of Marstonia lustrica.................................……..................2 2. Map of other Marstonia species………….…..................…….….........................19 3. Map of Glacial Lake Bascom…………….….................…….…..........................26 4. Map of major glaciations.……………….………..................................................29 5. Map of cells...………………………….……………............................................41 6. Nomenclature for verge illustrations….……………….........................................54 7. Verges from select populations.………..……………….…..................................55 8. Verges from select Marstonia sp…….……..........................................................56 9. Verges from select Marstonia sp……….……………..........................................57 10. Shells from select Marstonia sp………....……….................................................58 11. Shells from select populations………….………....................……......................59 12. Neighbor-joining tree for COI....................................…….………….................63 13. Neighbor-joining tree for NDI……...……………...............................................64 14. Neighbor-joining tree for concatenated data…….............…...............................65 15. Collapsed tree for COI with outspecies………....................................................66 16. Haplotype network for COI…………...………...................................................69 17. Haplotype network for NDI………………......................……..……..................70 18. Haplotype network for concatenated data….............…..….................................71 19. Phylogenetic tree of concatenated data with hypothesized species associations..72 20. Map of sequenced populations and common haplotypes…..................................80 21. Map of hypothesized species relationships and divergent events………….........85 22. Phylogenetic tree with associated glacial time periods.........................................86 ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION It is well known that global climate cycles and glacier advance and retreat have played a significant role in the distribution and evolution of a number of