Non-native marine species in British waters: a review and directory Edited by N. Clare Eno, Robin A. Clark & William G. Sanderson Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House, City Road Peterborough PE1 1JY UK Published by JNCC, Peterborough ISBN 1 86107 442 5 © Copyright Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 1997 Non-native marine species in British waters: review Coastal counties, regions, water bodies and other major marine localities in Great Britain referred to in the text. Note. Following recent local government reorganisation, some counties and regions changed to unitary authorities with altered boundaries. 2 Non-native marine species in British waters: review Contents Summary.......................................................................................................................................................5 Part 1: Review of non-native marine species in British waters................................6 1. Scope of the study, methods and definitions employed .....................................................................6 1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................................6 1.2. Collection of information .......................................................................................................7 1.3. Definitions of introduced species ...........................................................................................7 2. The introduction of species................................................................................................................8 2.1. The species .............................................................................................................................8 Non-native marine species .....................................................................................................8 Non-established introductions..............................................................................................12 Cryptogenic species..............................................................................................................12 Vagrant species ....................................................................................................................13 Recent colonists....................................................................................................................13 2.2. Dates of introduction............................................................................................................13 2.3. Origin of non-native marine species in Britain....................................................................14 2.4. Methods of introduction .......................................................................................................14 2.5. Reasons for successful establishment...................................................................................20 2.6. Rate of spread ......................................................................................................................21 2.7. Methods and factors influencing spread, and distribution...................................................21 3. Effects of non-native species and their practical control ................................................................23 3.1. Effects on the environment ...................................................................................................23 3.2. Effects on commercial interests and beneficial effects.........................................................26 3.3. Control methods and effectiveness.......................................................................................28 4. International control of transfers of marine organisms ....................................................................29 4.1. Statutory and voluntary measures on the introduction of non-indigenous marine species ..................................................................................................................................29 4.2. Concerns and scope for future measures .............................................................................29 4.3. Legislative recommendations...............................................................................................31 5. Glossary...........................................................................................................................................32 6. References .......................................................................................................................................33 Annex 1 Questionnaire used for gathering information on non-native marine species. ..............................37 Part 2: Directory of non-native marine species in British waters...................39 Flora ......................................................................................................................40 Bacillariophyta............................................................................................................................................40 Thalassiosira punctigera ..................................................................................................................40 Thalassiosira tealata.........................................................................................................................42 Coscinodiscus wailesii.....................................................................................................................44 Odontella sinensis............................................................................................................................46 Pleurosigma simonsenii ...................................................................................................................48 Rhodophyta.................................................................................................................................................50 Asparagopsis armata........................................................................................................................50 Bonnemaisonia hamifera .................................................................................................................52 Grateloupia doryphora.....................................................................................................................54 Grateloupia filicina var. luxurians ...................................................................................................56 Pikea californica ..............................................................................................................................58 Agardhiella subulata ........................................................................................................................60 Solieria chordalis.............................................................................................................................62 Antithamnionella spirographidis......................................................................................................64 Antithamnionella ternifolia..............................................................................................................66 3 Non-native marine species in British waters: review Polysiphonia harveyi........................................................................................................................68 Chromophyta...............................................................................................................................................70 Colpomenia peregrina......................................................................................................................70 Undaria pinnatifida ..........................................................................................................................72 Sargassum muticum.........................................................................................................................75 Chlorophyta ................................................................................................................................................78 Codium fragile subsp. atlanticum ....................................................................................................78 Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides ..............................................................................................80 Plantae ........................................................................................................................................................82 Spartina anglica ...............................................................................................................................82 Fauna ......................................................................................................................................................85 Cnidaria.......................................................................................................................................................85 Gonionemus vertens ........................................................................................................................85 Clavopsella navis.............................................................................................................................87 Haliplanella lineata ..........................................................................................................................89 Nematoda....................................................................................................................................................91