UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Women Weaving the Dream of the Revolution in the American Continent A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies by Sandra Angeleri Committee in charge: Professor Robert R. Alvarez, Co-Chair Professor George Lipsitz, Co-Chair Professor Denise da Silva Ferreira Professor Jaime Concha Professor Ramon A. Gutierrez Professor Rosaura Sanchez 2006 Copyright Sandra Angeleri, 2006 All rights reserved. DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to all the Wayuu, Latin American and U.S. ethnic women. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page.............................................................................................................. iii Dedication.................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents......................................................................................................... v List of Figures.............................................................................................................. vi Vita, Publications and Fields of Study......................................................................... vii Abstract........................................................................................................................ viii I. Introduction...................................................................................................... 1 II. Manliness and State-led National Mestizaje................................................... 23 A. Inscribing the Mexican Revolution....................................................... 38 B. Becoming Mestizo Mexicans to Become Modern................................. 76 C. Inscribing the New Mestiza Patria through Science............................... 124 III. On Knowledge and Social Change................................................................. 204 A. Indigenous Women’s New Social Movements...................................... 218 B. Sandoval and Garcia-Canclini................................................................ 249 C. An Endogenous Indigenous-Rooted Project.......................................... 303 D. Politics of Transgendering.................................................................... 342 IV. Constructing Fertile Traditions Gave Birth to Womanist Politics of Nation Making............................................................................................. 378 A. The Wayuu.............................................................................................. 405 B. Contesting Modern Development through Organizing........................... 442 C. New Mestiza Citizenship......................................................................... 475 D. Recognition and Enactment of Indigenous Rights.................................. 518 V. Almost a Conclusion....................................................................................... 554 Bibliography..................................................................................................... 608 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Manuel Gamio.............................................................................................34 Figure 2: Mestizaje...................................................................................................122 Figure 3: Indigena Huasteco......................................................................................150 Figure 4: Indígenas Huicholes...................................................................................151 Figure 5: Indigena Kikapoo......................................................................................152 Figure 6: Indigena Mayo…………………………………………………………...153 Figure 7: Indígena Sierra de Puebla…………………………………...…………...154 Figure 8: Carta Etnografica………………………………………………………...155 Figure 9: Carta Etnografica 2………………………………………………………156 Figure 10: Indígena Otomi…………………………………………………………157 Figure 11: Familia Tarahumara…………………………………………………….158 Figure 12: Indígena Tarasco………………………………………………………..159 Figure 13: Indígena Tzotzil:………………………………………………………..160 Figure 14: Location of La Guajira.............................................................................228 Figure 15: Venezuela.................................................................................................310 Figure 16: Symbol of the Party Accion Democratica................................................354 Figure 17: Gallegos....................................................................................................360 Figure 18: Presidente Hugo Chavez Frias..................................................................390 vi VITA 1984 Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Humanidades y Educación, Escuela de Historia, Departamento de Historia de América, Licenciatura en Historia, Área: Historia de América 1996 Universidad Central de Venezuela, Coordinación de Postgrados de la Facultad de Humanidades y Educación, Maestría en Historia Contemporánea de las Américas 2003 M.S., University of California, San Diego 2006 Ph.D., University of California, San Diego PUBLICATIONS Angeleri, Sandra, Violencia Política y Búsqueda de Paz en Colombia. Centauro, Caracas, 2000. ______________, Apuntes para un Testimonio: Género y Población en América Latina, United Nations (Unesco), Caracas, 1988. ______________, “La Huelga de los Obreros de la Construcción del Puerto de la Guaira,” en Clase Obrera, Partidos y Sindicatos en Venezuela, 1936-1950. Centauro, Caracas, 1982, pp. 50-87. Angeleri, Sandra, “Retos Actuales del Grupo Andino: hacia una integración que supere el marco de la apertura económica,” en Cuadernos de Cendes, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Año Segundo, Enero-Abril 1994, pp. 25-43. Villalón, María Eugenia y Sandra Angeleri. “The practice of retort: Exchanges leading to the Caracas peace dialogues,” en Pragmatics, University of Antwerp, Belgium, Vol. 7, No. 4, Dec. 1997, pp. 601-625. Angeleri, Sandra, “Sobre Armas y Urnas: pactos y acuerdos entre los gobiernos y las guerrillas colombianas contemporáneas,” en Revista Cuestiones Políticas, Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas del Zulia, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela, No. 21, Enero 1998, pp. 75-100. ______________, “Adolescentes concebidas conciben la maternidad. Enfoque antropológico versus enfoque médico-analítico,” en Revista de la Mujer Venezolana, Centro de Estudios de la Mujer, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Vol. 2, No. 4, Diciembre, 1998, pp. 23-48. ______________, “Rearticulación del nacionalismo ante la globalización. El movimiento chicano en la frontera Sur de California,” en Revista Cuestiones Políticas, Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas del Zulia, Venezuela, No. 26, Junio 2001, pp. 28-47. vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Women Weaving the Dream of the Revolution in the American Continent by Sandra Angeleri Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego, 2006 Professor Robert Alvarez, Co-Chair Professor George Lipsitz, Co-Chair The U.S. third world women’s movement proposes the Chicana new mestiza identity as a methodology of (post) modern social movements. García Canclini differentiates modern national identities from transnational citizens’ identifications emerging from hybrid cultures’ (post) modern consumption of cultural products. Drawing on the contributions and limitations of these two proposals, the dissertation examines the contrast between a masculinist and a womanist articulation of politics of mestiza community making in the Americas. This strategy bears relevance to the meaning of women’s agency within the relationships between production and (re) production while providing visibility to the significance of sexuality politics if one wants to qualitatively change the notion and the practice of democracy. In the first part of this dissertation I examine the Mexican Revolution’s politics of mestizaje through the study of anthropologist Manuel Gamio’s inscription of the new Mexico. I introduce the Mexican Revolution politics of mestizaje as historical references both of Sandoval and García Canclini’s mestizaje and hybridity frameworks, which viii these authors see as the methodological instruments of/for (post) modern social movements. In the second part of the dissertation, I conceive the framework that bridges the mestizaje that the Mexican Revolution consolidated and that the U.S- led. Pan-American project supported. I examine mestizaje politics as a common feature of Latin American politics of community making. At the middle of the twentieth century, when indigenist Pan-Americanism was projected to the entire continent, Venezuela consolidated the modern institutionalisation of its state and the oil production character of the nation. Mestizaje is again the center of this process of community making and is deeply related to the land that produces the resources of the nation state. After providing this historical and conceptual information about Venezuela, the third and last part of the dissertation focuses on the Venezuelan Wayuu Indigenous Women’s movement. The study of this concrete social movement introduces new questions and answers on contemporary ethnic and women’s politics in the Americas. These questions and answers re-introduce the importance of evaluating the political and epistemological