“I’LL MAKE A MAN OUT OF YOU1”: STRONG WOMEN IN SCIENCE FICTION AND FANTASY TELEVISION ANITA SARKEESIAN Supervisor: Jennifer Jenson Supervisor’s Signature: A Research Paper submitted to the Graduate Program in Social and Political Thought in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social and Political Thought Graduate Program in Social and Political Thought York University Toronto, Ontario June 2010 1 The title is from a song in Disney’s Mulan, a film about a young woman who pretends to be a man in order to fight during a war. “I’ll Make a Man Out of You” ii Abstract Heroic women in science fiction and fantasy television shows have done much to represent strong, successful women in leadership positions. However, these female roles that are viewed as strong and empowered embody many masculine identified traits, maintaining a patriarchal division of gender roles. This paper analyzes strong female characters within nine television shows by deconstructing their stereotypically “masculine” and “feminine” gender specific attributes and cross referencing how they play within and against traditional archetypes. Employing texts from cultural criticism and feminist theory, I explore how representations of groups in popular culture and mass media messaging uphold structures of power by giving higher value to masculine attributes as observed in patriarchal discourse. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of why it is critical to foster television media that supports feminist ideals and breaks out of traditional oppressive gender binaries in order to promote, encourage and envision a just future society. “I’ll Make a Man Out of You” iii Acknowledgements This project began as I was watching TV and found myself identifying with and rooting for the strong female heroes. As I looked critically at their roles, I noticed that many of them were replicating the traditional male hero archetype and ‘masculine’ defined values. I wanted to explore what this meant for women’s representation and the impact it has on the existing patriarchal division of gender roles. I would like to thank my supervisor Jennifer Jenson for her wisdom and enthusiasm. Her support and confidence in my work and in my graduate career was invaluable. I would also like to thank Celia Haig Brown for her willingness to serve as my second reader, which has made this effort possible. Without the support of Julia D'Agostino and Nis Bojin, I would not have been able to complete this project. And finally I would like to thank Jonathan McIntosh for spending countless hours watching and critically analyzing television shows with me. “I’ll Make a Man Out of You” iv Table of Contents Abstract..........................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................iii Table of Contents..........................................................................................................iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................vi List of Figures...............................................................................................................vi Introduction....................................................................................................................7 Feminist Theory and Visual Culture..............................................................................9 Feminist Theories on Patriarchy..................................................................................13 Female Representation in Television and Film ...........................................................16 Testing Against Archetypes.........................................................................................20 Warrior Archetype ...............................................................................................................23 Sarah Connor, Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles .............................................24 Zoe Washburne, Firefly...................................................................................................26 Aeryn Sun, Farscape........................................................................................................27 Buffy Summers, Buffy the Vampire Slayer ....................................................................28 Echo, Dollhouse ..............................................................................................................30 Leader Archetype.................................................................................................................32 Kathryn Janeway, Star Trek: Voyager ............................................................................33 Laura Roslin, Battlestar Galactica...................................................................................35 Anti-Hero Archetype ...........................................................................................................36 Kara Thrace, Battlestar Galactica....................................................................................37 Faith, Buffy the Vampire Slayer .....................................................................................39 Ana Lucia, Lost ...............................................................................................................40 “I’ll Make a Man Out of You” v Villain Archetype.................................................................................................................41 Jasmine, Angel ................................................................................................................42 Helena Cain, Battlestar Galactica....................................................................................43 Discussion: The Dis/Empowerment of Strong Female Characters .............................44 Networks and Advertising ...........................................................................................47 Conclusion: Making Sense of the Role of Women in SF/F Television Shows...........50 Appendix: Female Characters in Eleven SF/F Television Shows...............................56 Television Episode List ...............................................................................................69 References....................................................................................................................72 “I’ll Make a Man Out of You” vi List of Tables Table 1: Gender Specific Values .................................................................................22 Table 2: Gendered Traits Currently Valued on Television .........................................46 Table 3: Values for a More Feminist Television Landscape.......................................47 List of Figures Figure 1: Warrior Characters.......................................................................................24 Figure 2: Dollhouse Advertising and Promotion.........................................................32 Figure 3: Leader Characters.........................................................................................33 Figure 4: Anti-Hero Characters ...................................................................................37 Figure 5: Villain Characters.........................................................................................41 “I’ll Make a Man Out of You” 7 Introduction Popular stories rely on archetypes to draw viewers in, to create something recognizable, and often quickly ‘readable’. Most science fiction television programming is heavily based in action; nearly every week there is an evil villain to combat, and the shows that aren’t action-based seem to always include physical brawls. The women that are identified as strong and tough, nearly always possess physical strength, rarely ask for help, and hardly ever show emotion unless forced. Strength remains a central attribute to female characters, and is seemingly highly valued both by society and within fandoms. For example, fans rave about how Buffy Summers is the strongest woman in Sunnydale, how Farscape’s Aeryn Sun will go in guns a-blazing without ever batting an eye, and how Battlestar Galactica’s Starbuck is being a smart ass even when she doesn’t know if she’s going to win the fight. These characters triumph on-screen, but is their physical prowess the only determinant of strength? While there are instances of female ‘braniacs' and scientists, and of sensitive women who help devise plans, or are good wives, daughters, mothers or teachers, these traits are often reserved for supporting characters, not starring roles. The strength in these women is displayed through loyalty and courage, but the hope they provide is nearly always trumped by those who can throw a serious punch. Heroic women in science fiction and fantasy television shows have done much to demonstrate women’s capabilities to play strong, successful leading characters. In fact, as Ripley (Sigourney Weaver) demonstrated back in 1979, strong and brave female leads are very much archetypal characters that North American (and other) audiences connect to (Gallardo & Smith, 2004). “I’ll Make a Man Out of You” 8 For the past few years I’ve been actively seeking out television shows with strong female leads, with female representations that I could bear to watch and I did find some shows with wonderful, complex and rich characters. I especially