Mission Report Kenya Scoping Mission Marine Fisheries Kenya Authors:Luc van Hoof and Nathalie A.Steins Wageningen University & Research Report C038/17 Mission Report Kenya Scoping Mission Marine Fisheries Kenya Author(s): Luc van Hoof and Nathalie A. Steins Publication date: 31-03-2017 Wageningen Marine Research IJmuiden, March 2017 Wageningen Marine Research report C038.17 Luc van Hoof and Nathalie A. Steins, 2017. Mission Report Kenya; Scoping Mission Marine Fisheries Kenya. Wageningen, Wageningen Marine Research (University & Research centre), Wageningen Marine Research report C038.17 136 pages. Keywords: marine fisheries, Kenya, food security, aquaculture, mariculture, seaweed, value chain, development, trade, business opportunities. Client: Embassy of the Netherlands Attn.: Bert Rikken This report is free to download from https://doi.org/10.18174/413271 Wageningen Marine Research provides no printed copies of reports. 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A_4_3_2 V24 2 of 136 | Wageningen Marine Research report C038/17 Contents Contents 3 Summary 5 1 Introduction 7 2 Main Findings 9 2.1 Kenyan Marine Fisheries Sector 10 2.2 Artisanal and inshore marine fisheries 11 2.2.1 General overview 11 2.2.2 Challenges in the artisanal and inshore fisheries 12 2.2.2.1 Stock decline and over-fishing 12 2.2.2.2 Influx of fishers 13 2.2.2.3 Post-harvest losses 14 2.2.3 Development of the artisanal and inshore fisheries 14 2.2.4 Development of an offshore artisanal fisheries 15 2.3 Fishing in the EEZ 16 2.3.1 Development of a Kenyan tuna fleet 17 2.4 The (artisanal) fish value chain 18 2.4.1 The value chain 18 2.4.2 Market Analysis 19 2.4.3 Developing the artisanal fish chain 20 2.4.3.1 Post-harvest losses 20 2.4.3.2 Internal market (food security) or exports/tourism? 20 2.4.3.3 Certification 21 2.5 Mariculture 21 2.5.1 Developing mariculture 22 2.5.1.1 Land based versus sea based 22 2.5.1.2 The value chain 22 2.5.1.3 Artemia 22 2.6 Seaweed farming 22 2.6.1 Impacts 23 2.6.2 Development of mariculture 23 2.6.2.1 Inshore or offshoring 23 2.6.2.2 Market Development 23 2.7 Fisheries management issues 24 2.7.1 Legislation and management plans 26 2.7.2 Beach Management Units 27 3 Food security and fisheries development 29 4 References 33 Wageningen Marine Research report C038/17 | 3 of 136 Quality Assurance 35 Justification 36 Annex 1 Literature overview 37 Annex 2: List of people and organisations met in workshops or interviews 117 Annex 3 Brief notes of meetings and workshops 121 Annex 4: Programme of the mission 135 4 of 136 | Wageningen Marine Research report C004/17 Summary This report contains the findings of a scoping study into the marine fisheries sector of Kenya which took place between 30 January and 3 February 2017. Wageningen Marine Research was asked to carry out this study by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. The study was aimed at describing the Kenyan fisheries sector and at sketching opportunities for (business) cooperation. The main findings can be summarised as follows: From a food security perspective the mission found that a number of potential (business case) developments can be identified. Improving the utilisation of fish catches in Kenya is seen as the most straightforward action to be undertaken to address food security and increase revenue and marketing opportunities. Addressing the challenge of post-harvest losses of fish through improved handling and processing practices throughout the entire chain will result in the availability of relatively more fish and higher quality fish. The availability of good storage facilities may, however, incentivize fishers to increase fishing activity as landings can now be stored, irrespective of whether there is a market. Therefore, it is important that an effective management system is in place. In the context of developing business opportunities, the issue of availability of fish and stability is important and is an essential consideration when assessing fisheries management with a food security lens. Fisheries management in Kenya is currently facing many challenges including dwindling fish stocks in the coastal waters and signs of overfishing of high value species in the territorial waters and possibly the EEZ, an increasing number of entrants to the artisanal fisheries, limits to the available scientific information to inform management, lack of institutional capacity and poor enforcement. An effective management system of the artisanal inshore fisheries in line with achieving the maximum sustainable yield and with a strict licencing policy and enforcement, would contribute to a transition towards a sustainable fishery. This would directly contribute to national food security by protecting the resource base and ensure livelihoods in the longer run. As some species from the artisanal fisheries are interesting for a more high-end market in Kenya and for export, setting up public-private partnerships in relation to achieving sustainability certification may act as a driver for improving fisheries management. Opening up the offshore area for artisanal fisheries could result in a reduction in localised fishing pressure in the inshore waters and more fish becoming available for export and the local market. This should, however, be done in the context of a sustainable fisheries management system. Also here, public-private partnerships towards sustainability certification may play a role. As currently fishing licenses in Kenya are only given on an annual basis, this will be a barrier for any investments by (foreign) companies in the fishing industry. In addition, developing a more offshore oriented small- scale fleet goes hand in hand with safety challenges. Establishing a life guard service may in this context be helpful for all fishers. Currently Kenya cannot uphold any regulations to land (a proportion of) the catches from the EEZ by licensed distant water vessels, largely due to the lack of adequate infrastructure. Such economic linkage provisions would potentially both increase local fish availability (by using the bycatch of those fisheries for the local market) and increase export earnings. Necessary infrastructure could have a spin off on local artisanal fisheries resulting in opening up other/new markets and supplying the market with other (quality) fish products. Diversification with respect to marine produce is another option. The development of seaweed mariculture seems to be the best candidate as return upon investments is high, production is environmentally-friendly, the demand for seaweed is growing, Kenya’s coastline hosts many suitable Wageningen Marine Research report C038/17 | 5 of 136 areas and production will generate direct and indirect employment opportunities for relatively many people. A special case is found in the production of Artemia (brine shrimp) by the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research. The principle of harvesting Artemia from salt ponds has been proven and is now ready to be developed from the proof of concept state to the full production phase. This could be established by seeking investors in the already established production markets of Artemia. Also the Artemia could be used in the local development of the aquaculture section. The current marine fisheries management policies do provide a foundation for sustainable fisheries. It depends, however, on the effective implementation of the management plans and Monitoring, Control and Surveillance whether or not these management efforts do in practice will pan out. Quite an array of national and international actions and activities in the field of marine fisheries development, for example under the Kenyan Coastal Development Project and SWIOFish umbrella, are already taking place in Kenya. Coordination between efforts is highly recommended. 6 of 136 | Wageningen Marine Research report C004/17 1 Introduction The Dutch Embassy and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, which have played a leading role in realising the Global Oceans Action Summit for Food Security and Blue Growth in 2014, have an interest in building on the potential of Kenya’s and Tanzania’s fisheries. In order to encourage the process, Wageningen Marine Research has been asked to implement a scoping study directed at describing the Kenyan and Tanzanian fisheries sector and at sketching opportunities for cooperation. In addition, the Embassy has discussed the idea with the Ministry of fisheries in both countries. Kenya expressed interest in two actions: a blue book of all stakeholders in Kenyan fisheries and advice on how to finalize the Masterplan Fisheries. Tanzania expressed interest in advice on how best to evaluate the current Masterplan Fisheries that will end in June 2016. Both countries thought a regional approach to fisheries was meaningful, so in this scoping study we will also explore which opportunities exist for further cooperation between the two countries. The first leg of the mission was a scoping study into the marine fisheries sector of Tanzania (Van Hoof and Kraan, 2017). This report contains the findings of the second leg of this mission: the scoping study into the marine fisheries sector of Kenya.