BBasics_07.inddasics_07.indd 1 88.8.2011.8.2011 116:23:396:23:39 ESPEN The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism BBasics_07.inddasics_07.indd 2 88.8.2011.8.2011 116:23:396:23:39 BASICS IN CLINICAL NUTRITION Fourth Edition Editor-in-Chief Luboš Sobotka Associate Editors Simon P. Allison Alastair Forbes Olle Ljungqvist Rémy F. Meier Marek Pertkiewicz Peter B. Soeters GALÉN BBasics_07.inddasics_07.indd 3 88.8.2011.8.2011 116:23:396:23:39 BASICS IN CLINICAL NUTRITION Fourth edition Editor-in-Chief Luboš Sobotka Publishing House Galén Na Bělidle 34, 150 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic Managing Editor Lubomír Houdek, Dr. Editor-in-Chief Soňa Dernerová, Dr. Composition Kateřina Dvořáková – Galén, Prague Print Glos, Špidlenova 436, 513 01 Semily, Czech Republic www.espenbluebook.org All rights reserved. This book, or any thereof, may not be used or reproduced in any manner without written permision. For information, address European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. This book was supported by grant of Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports MSM0021620820. © ESPEN, 2011 © Galén, 2011 ISBN 978-80-7262-821-6 BBasics_07.inddasics_07.indd 4 88.8.2011.8.2011 116:23:396:23:39 V Editor in Chief Luboš Sobotka, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine Head of Department of Metabolic Care and Gerontology Medical Faculty Charles University Hradec Králové Czech Republic Associate Editors Simon P. Allison, MD, FRCP Rémy F. Meier, MD Professor in Clinical Nutrition Professor of Medicine Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology Head of Department of Gastroenterology, and Nutrition Hepatology and Nutrition Queen’s Medical Center University Hospital Nottingham Kantonsspital Liestal United Kingdom Liestal Switzerland Alastair Forbes, BSc, MD, FRCP, FHEA Professor of Gastroenterology and Clinical Marek Pertkiewicz, MD, PhD Nutrition Professor in Surgery University College London Department of General Surgery and Clinical London Nutrition United Kingdom Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Olle Ljungqvist MD, PhD Poland Professor of Surgery Dept of Surgery Peter B. Soeters, MD, PhD Örebro University Hospital Emeritus Professor of Surgery Örebro Department of Surgery Sweden University Hospital Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands BBasics_07.inddasics_07.indd OOdd1:Vdd1:V 88.8.2011.8.2011 116:23:396:23:39 VI List of authors Federico Bozzetti MD Surgeon oncologist Faculty of Medicine Simon P. Allison, MD, FRCP University of Milan Professor in Clinical Nutrition Milan Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology Italy and Nutrition Queen’s Medical Center Marco Braga MD Nottingham Profesor of Surgery United Kingdom Department of Surgery San Raffaele Vita Salute University Raffaella Antonione MD, Milan Internal Medicine Italy Clinica Medica, Ospedale di Cattinara Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Fang Cai, MD Trieste Physician Italy Postdoc R&D Unit of Nutrition Peter Austin Geneva University Hospital Senior Pharmacist Geneva Southampton University NHS Hospitals Switzerland Trust Southampton Philip C. Calder, PhD, DPhil United Kingdom Professor of Nutritional Immunology Institute of Human Nutrition and Human Mette M Berger, MD, PhD Development and Health Academic Unit Professor of Intensive Care Medicine Faculty of Medicine Service of Intensive Care Medicine & Burns University of Southampton Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Southampton General Hospital CH- 1011 Lausanne Southampton Switzerland United Kingdom Gyorgy Bodoky, MD, PhD Maria E. Camilo, MD, PhD Professor of Oncology Professor of Medicine and Nutrition St. Laszlo Teaching Hospital Head of the Research Unit of Nutrition Department of Oncology and Metabolism Budapest Institute of Molecular Medicine Hungary Medical Faculty Lisbon University Yves Boirie, MD, PhD Lisbon Professor of Nutrition Portugal University of Clermont-Ferrand Clinical Nutrition department of the University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand Human Nutrition Research Center Clermont-Ferrand France BBasics_07.inddasics_07.indd OOdd1:VIdd1:VI 88.8.2011.8.2011 116:23:396:23:39 VII Noël Cano, MD, PhD David F. Driscoll, PhD Professor of Nutrition Vice President Head, Human Nutrition Research Center Stable Solutions LLC of Auvergne (CRNH Auvergne) Easton, MA Human Nutrition Unit, UMR 1019 INRA- U.S.A. Clermont Université Clinical Nutrition Unit Wilfred Druml, MD Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital Professor of Medicine Clermont-Ferrand Medical Department III France Division of Nephrology University of Vienna and Vienna Yvon A. Carpentier, MD General Hospital Professor of Pathological Biochemistry Vienna and Nutrition Austria Director, L. Deloyers Laboratory for Experimental Surgery Stanley J. Dudrick, MD, FACS Université Libre de Bruxelles Professor of Surgery Brussels Chairman, Department of Surgery Belgium Director, Program in Surgery St. Mary’s Hospital Luc Cynober, PharmD, PhD Waterbury, CT Professor of Nutrition Yale University School of Medicine Head of Departments New Haven, CT Dept. of Experimental, Metabolic U.S.A. and Clinical Biology, Pharmacy Faculty - Paris Descartes Yves Dupertuis, PhD University Biologist and Clinical Chemistry Department, Responsible investigator R&D Cochin and Hôtel-Dieu Hospitals, APHP Unit of Nutrition Paris Geneva University Hospital France Geneva Switzerland Erno Dardai, MD, PhD Head of Department of Anesthesiology Marinos Elia MD FRCP and Intensive Therapy Professor of Clinical Nutrition St. Stephen’s Hospital & Metabolism Budapest Institute of Human Nutrition Hungary University of Southampton Southampton General Hospital Nicolaas E. P. Deutz, MD, PhD. Southampton Professor of Geriatrics. Professor United Kingdom of Pediatrics and Nutrition. Center for Translational Research in Aging Joel Faintuch, MD, PhD & Longevity. Associate Professor of Medicine Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging Department of Gastroenterology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Sao Paulo University Medical School Little Rock Chief of Nutrology Residency Program U.S.A. Hospital das Clinicas Sao Paulo Brazil BBasics_07.inddasics_07.indd OOdd1:VIIdd1:VII 88.8.2011.8.2011 116:23:406:23:40 VIII Keneth C.H. Fearon MD M. Cristina Gonzalez, MD, PhD Professor of Surgical Oncology Adjunt Professor of Post-Graduation Edinburgh University Program in Health and Behaviour Edinburgh Catholic University of Pelotas United Kingdom Pelotas Brazil Eric Fontaine, MD PhD Professor of Medicine Olivier Goulet, MD, PhD INSERM U1055 - LBFA Professor of Paediatrics Joseph Fourier University Department of Gastroenterology Grenoble Cedex Hopital Necker Enfans-Malades France Paris France Alastair Forbes, BSc, MD, FRCP, FHEA Professor of Gastroenterology and Clinical Robert F. Grimble, BSc, PhD, RNutr Nutrition Professor of Nutrition University College London Division of Developmental Origins London of Health and Disease United Kingdom School of Medicine University of Southampton Konstantinos Fragkos, MB Southampton Clinical Research Fellow in United Kingdom Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition University College London Martin Haluzik, MD, PhD London Professor of Medicine United Kingdom 3 rd Department if Internal Medicine Medical Faculty 1 Peter Fürst, MD, PhD Charles University Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry Prague Institute for Nutrition Science Czech Republic Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn Folke Hammarqvist, MD, PhD Germany Professor in Emergency Surgery Department of Surgical Gastrocenter Wim G. van Gemert MD, PhD CLINTEC - Department of Clinical Science, Colorectal, Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Intervention and Technology Surgeon Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Academic Hospital Maastricht Stockholm Maastricht Sweden The Netherlands Gil Hardy PhD FRSC Laurence Genton MD Professor of Pharmaceutical Nutrition Chief resident Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Clinical Nutrition University of Auckland Geneva University Hospital Auckland Geneva New Zealand Switzerland BBasics_07.inddasics_07.indd OOdd1:VIIIdd1:VIII 88.8.2011.8.2011 116:23:406:23:40 IX Laszlo Harsanyi, MD, PhD Cora F. Jonkers-Schuitema, Bc Professor of Surgery Dietitian 1st Surgical Department Academic Medical Center Faculty of Medicine Amsterdam Semmelweis University The Netherlands Budapest Hungary Luiza Kent-Smith, PhD, RD Professional Leader Nutrition & Dietetics Reem Hawary RD Saskatoon Health Region King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Saskatoon Center Canada Riyadh Saudi Arabia Berthold Koletzko, MD, PhD Professor of Pediatrics Claudia-Paula Heidegger, MD Division Metabolic and Nutritional Deputy Head Physician Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital Pharmacology and Intensive Care. Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Division of intensive care Munich Geneva University Hospitals Germany Geneva Switzerland Jens Kondrup, MD, Dr Med Sci Professor in Clinical Nutrition J Pat Howard RD Clinical Nutrition Unit 5711 Head of Nutrition and Dietetic Services Rigshospitalet University Hospital, United Bristol Healthcare Trust Copenhagen Bristol Royal Infirmary Denamrk Bristol United Kingdom Marek Kunecki, MD, Specialist in General Surgery Pao Ying Hsiao, MS, RD, LDN Department of Clinical Nutrition Doctoral candidate Department of General and Vascular Department of Nutritional Sciences Surgery The Pennsylvania State University M. Pirogow Provincial Specialist Hospital University Park Lodz U.S.A. Poland Gordon L Jensen, MD, PhD, Irma Kushta, MD Professor of Medicine Resident in Internal Medicine Head of Department of Nutritional Sciences Department of Clinical Medicine Pennsylvania State University