University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 8-2013 Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting the Japanese Beetle in Arkansas Bryan Mathew Petty University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Entomology Commons, Plant Biology Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Petty, Bryan Mathew, "Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting the Japanese Beetle in Arkansas" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 869. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/869 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting the Japanese Beetle in Arkansas Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting the Japanese Beetle in Arkansas A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology By Bryan Mathew Petty Missouri Southern State University Bachelor of Science in Biology, 2009 August 2013 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Dr. Donald Steinkraus Dissertation Director ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Dr. Donn Johnson Dr. Fred Spiegel Committee Member Committee Member ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Dr. Fiona Goggin Dr. Mike Richardson Committee Member Committee Member ABSTRACT Japanese beetles are a relatively new pest to Arkansas. During my Ph.D. research I investigated the pathogens and environmental factors influencing Japanese beetle populations in the state. The prevalence of various pathogens and parasitoids attacking Popillia japonica were recorded annually from wild populations. Of specific interest was the microsporidian pathogen Ovavesicula popilliae, which I introduced as a biological control agent in the state. Details of the relationship between this pathogen and the Japanese beetle were investigated, including dose response, host range, and spore production. Additionally, annual abundance of the beetle in the region was recorded and tracked over the course of 4 years using soil sampling for larvae and pheromone traps for adults. Outdoor and indoor rearing methods were developed, and the density of these populations were recorded and compared to wild populations and temperature data, allowing us to model climate impact on the beetle. Results from these studies showed that, naturally occurring pathogens, such as Stictospora villani, Ovavesicula popilliae and Adelina sp., and parasitoids appeared to have minimal influence on the beetle populations in this region. In the case of O. popilliae, low levels of the pathogen appeared in the area naturally. This pathogen also has a narrow physiological host range outside of the Japanese beetle, primarily in other scarab larvae. O. popilliae also appears to primarily infect Japanese beetle larvae and was incapable of infecting adult beetles. Infected larvae which survived to adulthood remained infected, with the adults capable of producing on average 25 million spores. In comparison, high summer temperatures and lack of rain reduced late summer populations of larvae. In 2010, O. popilliae was released at four locations in Northwest Arkansas. In 2011 it was detected at one of those locations. A second introduction of O. popilliae was made in 2012. The results from this classical biological control effort involving the release of O. popilliae require further monitoring to confirm establishment. This information can be used to help establish long term control of this new pest in the Southern United States. This information will be of use to fruit growers, horticulturalists, turf managers, nursery operators, and homeowners. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank those people who have helped me grow professionally. Specifically, thanks to my advisor, Dr. Don Steinkraus, for his guidance, feedback and advice, and endless editorial reviews. I would also like to thanks members of my committee, Dr. Donn Johnson, Dr. Fiona Goggin, Dr. Fred Spiegel and Dr. Mike Richardson, who pushed me toward critical examination of my ideas and into the exploring new ideas outside my comfort zone. Thanks to the public and private land managers and private landowners who allowed me to conduct my research on their property. I would also like to thank the United States Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grant Program administered by the Arkansas Agriculture Department as my primary funding source for this research. Finally, thanks to my father, Keith Petty, and mother, Terri Petty, who have supported my education for the last decade, and all of the ups and downs that has entailed. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction - Literature review on the life history and control Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) in the United States ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 General biology of the Japanese beetle ............................................................................ 1 1.2 Chemical and cultural control of the Japanese beetle ...................................................... 4 1.3 Climatic limitations to beetle spread and survival ........................................................... 8 1.4 Biological control of the Japanese beetle ......................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Arthropod natural enemies ........................................................................................ 9 1.4.2 Bacteria ................................................................................................................... 10 1.4.3 Nematodes............................................................................................................... 12 1.4.4 Fungi ....................................................................................................................... 16 1.5 Ovavesicula popilliae and the microsporidia ................................................................. 17 1.6 Thesis and objectives ..................................................................................................... 20 1.7 REFERENCES CITED .................................................................................................. 22 2 Changes in abundance of larval and adult Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and other white grub species in relation to temperature ...................................................................... 34 2.1 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 34 2.2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 35 2.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................... 36 2.3.1 Survey of white grub density and adult Japanese beetle abundance ...................... 36 2.3.2 Statistical analysis of abundance data ..................................................................... 37 2.3.3 Temperature data analysis....................................................................................... 37 2.4 RESULTS....................................................................................................................... 38 2.4.1 Survey of white grub density .................................................................................. 38 2.4.2 Survey of adult Japanese beetle abundance ............................................................ 38 2.4.3 Temperature data analysis....................................................................................... 39 2.5 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................ 40 2.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... 43 2.7 REFERENCES CITED .................................................................................................. 44 3 Modeling the effects of temperature on the mortality of early instar Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) ........................................................................................................... 51 3.1 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 51 3.2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 52 3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................... 54 3.3.1 Thermal model ........................................................................................................ 55 3.3.2 Mortality rate function ............................................................................................ 57 3.3.3 Source of adult Japanese beetles ............................................................................. 58 3.3.4 Production of Japanese beetles in rearing cages for model validation ................... 58 3.3.5 Comparison of model results and field data ........................................................... 61 3.4 RESULTS......................................................................................................................