KICT-UNESCAP Eco-Efficient Water Infrastructure Project The Framework on Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure Development in China (Final-Report) General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, China December 2009 Contents 1. WATER RESOURCES AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE PRESENT SITUATION AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER RESOURCES....................................................................................................... 6 1.2 WATER USE ISSUES IN CHINA .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 FOUR WATER RESOURCES ISSUES FACED BY CHINA .......................................................................................... 8 1.4 CHINA’S PRACTICE IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT................................................................................10 1.4.1 Philosophy change of water resources management...............................................................................10 1.4.2 Water resources management system .....................................................................................................12 1.4.3 Environmental management system for water infrastructure construction ..............................................13 1.4.4 System of water-draw and utilization assessment ...................................................................................13 1.5 ACHIEVEMENTS OF CHINA'S WATER INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION AND ITS TREND ....................................14 1.5.1 Achievements and problems of water infrastructure construction in the second half of the 20th century..14 1.5.2 The development tendency of China’s water resources management.......................................................19 1.6 GENERAL STRATEGIES OF WATER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ................................................................20 2. CHALLENGE, ACTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF CHINA IN THE PAST ACTIVITIES RELATED ECO-EFFICIENT WATER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT .............................................................21 2.1 CHALLENGE 1: URBANIZATION AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ...........................................................................21 2.1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................................21 2.1.2 Action and achievement ........................................................................................................................22 2.2 CHALLENGE 2: REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION ...........................................................25 2.2.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................................25 2.2.2 Action and achievement ........................................................................................................................25 2.3 CHALLENGE 3: SECURING FOOD SUPPLY ........................................................................................................27 2.3.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................................28 2.3.2 Action and achievement ........................................................................................................................28 2.4 CHALLENGE 4: RURAL HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................31 2.4.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................................31 2.4.2 Action and achievement ........................................................................................................................31 2.5 CHALLENGE 5: GOVERNING WATER WISELY ...................................................................................................34 2.5.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................................34 2.5.2 Action and achievement ........................................................................................................................34 2.6 CHALLENGE 6: SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ............................................................................................45 2.6.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................................45 2.6.2 Action and achievement ........................................................................................................................46 2.7 CHALLENGE 7: PROTECTING ECOSYSTEM ......................................................................................................51 2.7.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................................51 2.7.2 Action and achievement ........................................................................................................................51 2.8 CHALLENGE 8: FLOOD CONTROL, DROUGHT RELIEF AND DISASTER MITIGATION ..............................................55 2.8.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................................55 2.8.2 Action and achievement ........................................................................................................................55 3. EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR ECO-EFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT OF WATER INFRASTRUCTURE IN CHINA.......................................................................................................................59 3.1 OBJECTIVES OF PROTECTION.........................................................................................................................59 3.2 EVALUATION INDEX SYSTEM .........................................................................................................................60 3.2.1 Evaluation principle .............................................................................................................................60 3.2.2 Evaluation system.................................................................................................................................61 3.3 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION..................................................................................................................................62 4. STANDARDS SYSTEM AND TECHNICAL GUIDANCE FOR ECO-EFFICIENT WATER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA ........................................................................................63 4.1 TECHNICAL STANDARDS SYSTEM OF ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION FOR ECO-EFFICIENT WATER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA....................................................................................................................................63 4.2 THE GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF ECO-EFFICIENT WATER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA ..67 4.2.1 The guidelines of eco-efficient water infrastructure development in planning stage ................................67 4.2.2 The guidelines of eco-efficient water infrastructure development in design and operation stage..............69 5. INTEGRATION OF ECO-EFFICIENT WATER INFRASTRUCTURE CONCEPT IN THE SOCIO- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA.....................................................................................................72 5.1 THE STRATEGY OF WATER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION OF RIVER BASINS AND REGIONS IN CHINA......................................................................................................................................72 5.1.1 River basins..........................................................................................................................................72 5.1.2 Regions ................................................................................................................................................75 5.2 WATER SOURCE ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION IN BEIJING....................................................................................76 5.2.1 Water source protection planning..........................................................................................................76 5.2.2 Build three lines of defense, construct the healthy and ecological small river basins ..............................76 5.2.3 Water source protection measures .........................................................................................................77 5.2.4 Outcomes of water source conservation.................................................................................................78 5.3 ALLOCATION OF WATER RESOURCES CONSIDERING BOTH ECOLOGICAL SECURITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .........................................................................................................................................................................78 5.4 ECO-CITY DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA...............................................................................................................80 5.4.1 Eco-city development: Planning a sustainable community .....................................................................81