IDKD Springer Series Series Editors: Juerg Hodler · Rahel A. Kubik-Huch · Gustav K. von Schulthess Juerg Hodler Rahel A. Kubik-Huch Gustav K. von Schulthess Editors Diseases of the Chest, Breast, Heart and Vessels 2019–2022 Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging IDKD Springer Series Series Editors Juerg Hodler Department of Radiology University Hospital of Zürich Zürich, Switzerland Rahel A. Kubik-Huch Department of Radiology Kantonsspital Baden Zürich, Switzerland Gustav K. von Schulthess Deptartment of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital of Zürich Zürich, Switzerland The world-renowned International Diagnostic Course in Davos (IDKD) represents a unique learning experience for imaging specialists in training as well as for experienced radiologists and clinicians. IDKD reinforces his role of educator offering to the scientific community tools of both basic knowledge and clinical practice. Aim of this Series, based on the faculty of the Davos Course and now launched as open access publication, is to provide a periodically renewed update on the current state of the art and the latest developments in the field of organ- based imaging (chest, neuro, MSK, and abdominal). More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15856 Juerg Hodler • Rahel A. Kubik-Huch Gustav K. von Schulthess Editors Diseases of the Chest, Breast, Heart and Vessels 2019–2022 Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging Editors Juerg Hodler Rahel A. Kubik-Huch Department of Radiology Department of Radiology University Hospital of Zürich Kantonsspital Baden Zürich Zürich Switzerland Switzerland Gustav K. von Schulthess Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital of Zürich Zürich Switzerland ISSN 2523-7829 ISSN 2523-7837 (electronic) IDKD Springer Series ISBN 978-3-030-11148-9 ISBN 978-3-030-11149-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11149-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019931831 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface The International Diagnostic Course in Davos (IDKD) is a unique learning experience for radiologists, nuclear physicians, and clinicians. The course is useful for various levels of expe- rience, from residents preparing for their board’s examination to experienced imaging experts. Clinicians wishing to update their current state of the art in the fields of imaging and image- guided interventions appreciate the course as well. The workshop teachers of the IDKD are internationally renowned experts. They are all contributing to this issue of the IDKD book series with the current topic of cardiovascular imaging. It includes relevant pediatric aspects and a section on breast. All relevant imaging modalities are covered, including CT, MRI, PET, and conventional radiology. The IDKD books were started as a syllabus for the IDKD courses but have developed into outstanding publications over the years with a large number of readers from all over the world. This is the second volume to be published as open access within the recently launched IDKD Springer series. Great emphasis has been put on the design of this book in order to improve readability and for quick orientation. Relevant aspects are highlighted in the form of learning objectives, key points, tables, take-home messages, and summaries. Additional information on IDKD courses can be found on the IDKD website: www.idkd.org. Zürich, Switzerland Juerg Hodler Baden, Switzerland Rahel A. Kubik-Huch Zürich, Switzerland Gustav K. von Schulthess v Contents 1 A Systematic Approach to Chest Radiographic Analysis . 1 Jeffrey S. Klein and Melissa L. Rosado-de-Christenson 2 Missed Lung Lesions: Side-by-Side Comparison of Chest Radiography with MDCT ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Denis Tack and Nigel Howarth 3 Approach to Imaging of Mediastinal Conditions in the Adult . 27 Sanjeev Bhalla and Edith Marom 4 Plain Film and HRCT Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease . 37 Sujal R. Desai, Helmut Prosch, and Jeffrey R. Galvin 5 CT Diagnosis and Management of Focal Lung Disease . 47 Gerald F. Abbott and Ioannis Vlahos 6 Current Approach to Acute and Chronic Airway Disease . 57 Philippe A. Grenier and Jeffrey P. Kanne 7 Imaging of Pulmonary Infection . 65 Tomás Franquet and Johnathan H. Chung 8 Current Concepts in the Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer . 79 Brett W. Carter and Jeremy J. Erasmus 9 Diseases of the Chest Wall, Pleura, and Diaphragm . 95 Aine M. Kelly and Thomas Frauenfelder 10 Pediatric Chest Disorders: Practical Imaging Approach to Diagnosis . 107 Alison Hart and Edward Y. Lee 11 Pulmonary Manifestations of Systemic Diseases ����������������������������������������������������� 127 Cornelia Schaefer-Prokop and Brett M. Elicker 12 Thoracic Trauma ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 139 Loren Ketai and Steven L. Primack 13 Diagnosis and Staging of Breast Cancer: When and How to Use Mammography, Tomosynthesis, Ultrasound, Contrast- Enhanced Mammography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging . 155 Fiona J. Gilbert and Katja Pinker-Domenig 14 Follow-Up of Patients with Breast Cancer: Imaging of Local Recurrence and Distant Metastases ����������������������������������������������������������� 167 Ulrich Bick and Thomas H. Helbich vii viii Contents 15 CT and MRI in Suspected Ischemic Heart Disease ����������������������������������������������� 179 Albert de Roos and Konstantin Nikolaou 16 Imaging of Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy ������������������������������������������������������������� 189 David A. Bluemke and Shawn D. Teague 17 Modern Diagnosis in the Evaluation of Pulmonary Vascular Disease ����������������� 199 Alexander A. Bankier and Carole Dennie 18 Imaging of Acute Aortic Syndromes . 207 Thomas M. Grist and Geoffrey Rubin 19 Pre- and Post-aortic Endovascular Interventions: What a Radiologist Needs to Know ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 215 Thorsten Bley and Justus Roos 20 Noninvasive Angiography of Peripheral Arteries. 223 Tim Leiner and James C. Carr A Systematic Approach to Chest Radiographic Analysis 1 Jeffrey S. Klein and Melissa L. Rosado-de-Christenson of annual physical examinations, and to screen for meta- Learning Objectives static disease in patients with malignancy or paraneoplastic • List the nine components of a chest radiographic syndromes. examination to be systematically analyzed. The accurate interpretation of chest radiographs requires • Identify key technical quality aspects to be assessed an understanding of the normal frontal and lateral chest prior to interpretation of a chest radiograph. radiographic appearances, as obscuration of normally visual- • Identify the normal anatomic structures and inter- ized structures may be the only clue to the presence of an faces routinely displayed on chest radiographic abnormality. examinations. Radiography allows visualization and assessment of the • Detail the different patterns of lung disease seen chest wall, mediastinum, and hila including the heart and radiographically. great vessels, central airways, the lungs including the pulmo- • Describe the different appearances of pleural dis- nary vasculature, the pleural surfaces including the fissures ease seen on chest radiography. and the diaphragm. The superimposition of complex structures of various radiographic density (gas, water, calcium, metal, and fat) makes radiographic interpretation challenging. An under- standing of normal interfaces allows for detection of condi- 1.1 Introduction tions that manifest with chest symptoms or as asymptomatic abnormalities. The chest radiograph remains one of the most commonly performed examinations in radiology. It is typically the first radiologic examination obtained in patients presenting with 1.2 A Systematic Assessment