Essentials of Sociology 9 th Edition Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t1 Social Structure and Social Interaction Chapter Overview ¡ Two Levels of ¡ What Holds Society Sociological Analysis Together? ¡ Components of the ¡ Components of the Macrosociological Microsociological Perspective Perspective ¡ Societies and their Transformation Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t2 Social Structure and Social Interaction Two Levels of Sociological Analysis Macrosociology Large­Scale Features of Social Life Microsociology Focus on Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t3 Social Structure and Social Interaction The Macrosociological Perspective Ø Sociological Significance of Social Structure Guides Our Behavior Behavior Decided by Location in Social Structure Ø Culture Group’s Language, Beliefs, Values, Behaviors, Gestures Material Objects Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t4 Social Structure and Social Interaction The Macrosociological Perspective Ø Social Class Divides People by… 1. Income 2. Education 3. Occupational Prestige Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t5 Social Structure and Social Interaction The Macrosociological Perspective ØSocial Status – Position a person occupies Ascribed –a status one is born with Achieved –a status one earns Master Status­cuts across all other statuses one holds Status Set­all of the statuses one holds Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t6 Social Structure and Social Interaction The Macrosociological Perspective ØRoles – Behaviors associated with ones status You Occupy a Status You Play a Role Ones role will change as ones status changes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t7 Social Structure and Social Interaction The Macrosociological Perspective ØGroups – People Who Regularly and Consciously Interact and think of themselves as belonging together ØSocial Institutions – Means Developed by Societies to Meet Basic Needs • The more industrialized the society the more formal the institution Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t8 Social Structure and Social Interaction Societies and Their Transformation — Hunting and Gathering Societies­few social divisions and little inequality. Today, only about 300 hunter­gathering groups exist today — Pastoral and Horticultural Societies­based on the pasturing of animals, division of labor developed as well as social inequality Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t9 Social Structure and Social Interaction Societies and Their Transformation — Agricultural Societies­people developed cities and what is known as culture; sometimes referred to as the “dawn of civilization”. — Industrial Societies­people flocked to the cities and the pattern of growing inequality was reversed — Postindustrial Societies­basic components are information and services Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t10 Social Structure and Social Interaction What Holds Society Together? Durkheim Tonnies — Early on, people were — Gemeinschaft (close­ connected by knit, personal) societies Mechanical solidarity once existed — Organic solidarity is — Today, we live in a present today Gesellschaft (impersonal) society Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t11 Social Structure and Social Interaction Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life fe Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t12 Social Structure and Social Interaction The Microsociological Perspective Stereotypes – Assumptions about the characteristics of certain individuals which leads to generalizations Figure 4.5 How Self­Fulfilling Stereotypes Work Source: By the author. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t13 Social Structure and Social Interaction The Microsociological Perspective Personal Space (Edward Hall) – a invisible bubble by which we surround ourselves —4 Levels: Intimate Personal Social Public Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t14 Social Structure and Social Interaction The Microsociological Perspective Erving Goffman Dramaturgy – Life is like a play Impression Management – Face Saving Behavior Front and Back Stages Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t15 Social Structure and Social Interaction Dramaturgy (Role Conflict and Role Strain) Role Conflict – a conflict between two separate roles The more roles you play, the more conflict you may experience Role Strain – a strain within the same role Dramaturgy (Role Conflict and Role Strain) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t16 Social Structure and Social Interaction Figure 4.6 Role Strain and Role Conflict Source: By the author. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t17 Social Structure and Social Interaction The Microsociological Perspective Ethnomethodology ­ The study of how people use background assumptions to get through everyday life — Harold Garfinkle’s Experiments Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t18 Social Structure and Social Interaction The Microsociological Perspective Thomas Theorem – W.I. Thomas Our behavior depends not on the objective but on the subjective interpretation of reality. ØWe behave according to the way we perceive the world Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t19 Social Structure and Social Interaction .