WITH ONE HEART The Panao Quechua Way of Life Terry P. Smith With One Heart the Panao Quechua way of life Terry P. Smith 1st Edition © 2006 All rights reserved Instituto Lingüístico de Verano Javier Prado Oeste 200, Magdalena Casilla 2492, Lima 100, Perú Lima, Peru tel: 461-5880 [email protected] www.sil.org/americas/peru Wedges with zigzag (winguyuj dispadilla) I wonder who bewitched us… All of us have left our land. The lament of eighty-year-old Juan Villogas Durán, now living in an improvised hut along Peru’s Central Highway in order to be close to some of his children, all of whom have abandoned their ancestral Panao Quechua lands. Panao Quechua women express their artistic creativity through the many belt (waćhcu) designs they weave. A selection of these designs are depicted at each chapter heading. Contents Chapter One With One Heart: The Panao Quechua Way Of Life ....................................9 Overview.............................................................................................................................9 Introduction.......................................................................................................................11 The Panao Quechua in historical perspective...............................................................13 The Panao Quechua in the present ...............................................................................15 Chapter Two Paradigm and Puzzle Pieces ......................................................................17 Maslow’s model ...........................................................................................................17 Unifying themes ...........................................................................................................19 Peasantry...................................................................................................................20 Duality ......................................................................................................................21 Magic ........................................................................................................................26 Shame........................................................................................................................27 Christianity................................................................................................................30 Chapter Three Basic Physiological Needs ......................................................................34 Air.................................................................................................................................34 Water ............................................................................................................................35 Food..............................................................................................................................37 Sex ................................................................................................................................40 Qualities of attractiveness in a woman .....................................................................41 Qualities of attractiveness in a man ..........................................................................42 Courtship, marriage and sexual relations..................................................................42 Chapter Four The Need for Safety..................................................................................46 Danger from the dominant society ...............................................................................47 The butcher ...............................................................................................................47 Police and soldiers ....................................................................................................48 Economics.................................................................................................................49 Insults and humiliation..............................................................................................50 Danger within the peasants’ world ...............................................................................51 Greedy and careless neighbors .................................................................................51 Thieves......................................................................................................................51 Gossips......................................................................................................................52 Physical Fears...............................................................................................................53 The Mountain............................................................................................................54 The Wind ..................................................................................................................56 Dogs, souls and spirits ..............................................................................................57 Acts of spirits............................................................................................................60 Refuge at home.............................................................................................................61 Clothing's protection.....................................................................................................63 Chapter Five The Need to Love and to Belong...............................................................66 Love and food...............................................................................................................68 Belonging in crisis........................................................................................................68 Working together..........................................................................................................69 Building esteem ............................................................................................................71 Losing esteem...............................................................................................................74 4 Chapter 1 – With One Heart: The Panao Quechua Way Of Life 5 Chapter Six The Need to Know and Understand.............................................................78 Omens...........................................................................................................................79 Coca..............................................................................................................................80 Apprenticeship..............................................................................................................82 Chapter Seven The Need for Aesthetics..........................................................................83 A lovely place...............................................................................................................83 Lovely people ...............................................................................................................84 Women's handiwork .....................................................................................................84 Dance............................................................................................................................85 Music ............................................................................................................................85 Chapter Eight Self-Actualization and Transcendence ...................................................88 Glossary ............................................................................................................................91 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................103 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Grandpa Alfonso and Mamita Jeronima, thank you for including us in your hearts. Only little by little do we become aware of how much you suffered for the sake of making us part of your family; Manam imaysi jungajchu, “We will never forget you”. With your grandchildren and great grandchildren we span 4 generations in one home. To Fortunato and Juliana, our compadres, thank you for inviting us to co-parent Analicia with you. We celebrate her life and our relationship with you all. To Pablo Villogas, thank you for all the years you have worked side-by-side with me. May the linguistic and cultural insights you bring to our work have a lasting impact. May your people, the Panao Quechua, be better equipped to realize their ideals and aspirations. To the many Pañacos who befriended us and opened up their lives, I want to express my profound appreciation. Thank you for not allowing your fears that we might be pishtacu to keep us alienated from each other. Each of you ought to be named, but respecting your privacy, we will keep your identity treasured in my heart. Becoming of one heart with the Panao Quechua people has meant that much of what we have learned has taken place in Quechua; my initial efforts to describe their world reflected this. In Quechua, case markers keep relationship roles clear, switch-reference markers help keep track of subjects who are also identified in the verbs, and verbs don’t follow the rigid word order of English (Subject-Verb-Object). No, they are free to appear in most any syntactical position as governed by the discourse flow. So, my jumbled syntax proved to be a headache for my Summer Institute of Linguistics colleagues