Kunene Regional Ecological Assessment Volume three: References and Appendices Prepared for the Kunene People’s Park Technical Committee by Round River Conservation Studies Kunene Regional Ecological Assessment References and Appendices: Volume 3 of 3 Prepared for the Kunene People’s Park Technical Committee by Round River Conservation Studies Principal Investigators: Jeff Muntifering, Dr. Christopher Lockhart and Richard Tingey Assisting Investigators: Julian Griggs, Dr. Kimberley Heinemeyer, Dr. Jennifer Lalley, and Dennis Sizemore 2008 Acknowledgements Frans Tjawira, Hiandekete Kandjii, Langman Muzama, Jatuije Uarolig, Hiskia Mbaroro, Klemens /Awarab, Josef Kangombe, Ben Mbomboro, Stephenus Uaka- zapi, Sebetus Taniseb, Monica Uses, Gabriel Ganaseb, Lina Kaisuma, Sarah Awaras, Titus Kungondo, Ripanga Kasupi, Leon Kasupi, Kavisina Kasaona, Jauire Uar- aavi, Gustaf Tjiundukamba, Alfons Uarijie, Herman Ruhumba, Asser Ujaha, Jackson Kavetu, N. Isaunotje, Godliep Mureka, Licius Tjijahura, Bennie Roman, Dawid /Gôagoseb, Monica and Daniel Uwiteb, Kassy Muhenje, Matiti, Tumbee Tjrora, Kahevee Kavari, Joseph H. Hijatjiua, Rynald Mumbuu, Kaenda Herunga, Rakotoka Katjimbari, David Kangombe, Rynald Turitjo, Christof Tjikumisa, Wilnel Murumbua, Repiam Kapiringi, Simson !Uri-≠Khob, Uri Matundu, Siegried D. /Gawiseb, Nahor Howoseb, Garson Somaeb, Gary Nekongo, Erwin K. Tjikuua, Dr. Ka- lumbi Shangula, Colgar Sikopo, Bonni Awarab, Basilia Shivute, Kapoi Kasaona, Vehihamma Kasupi, Obed Hambo, Leon Jooste, Ben Beytell, Malan Lindeque, Jennifer Lalley, Midori Paxton, Garth Owen-Smith, Rudi Loutit, Duncan Gilchrist, Chris Bakkes, Dave van Smeerdyk, Bruce Simpson, Steve Braine, John Paterson, Dennis Liebenberg, Mike Griffin, Holger Kolberg, Keith Leggett, Flip Stander, Rob Simmons, Pierre du Preez, Werner Killian, Betsy Fox. Also thanks to all the Community Game Guards his assessment brings together and builds upon Traditional Authorities and the Conservancy Commit- within Torra, ≠Khoadi //Hoas, Sesfontein, Anabeb, Tthe work of many individuals and organizations tee members for Round River to participate in this Omatendeka, Ehirovipuka, Purros, Okangundumba, conservation in the Kunene Region over the past half ambitious conservation initiative. Ozondundu, Orupupa, Otjambangu, and all the peo- century. Many have contributed their valuable knowl- ple interviewed. edge, data and time to this work. Specifically, we thank: The Hon. Gov. Dudu Mu- rorua and the Kunene Regional Council, the Kunene We also acknowledge the Round River student re- We acknowledge the opportunity and support of Regional Land Board, Hon. Justus Garoeb MP, Max search assistants for helping with data collection. The the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), J. Haraseb, Lucky Kasaona, Likius Tjijahura, Mu- Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Wilderness Sa- the Kunene People’s Park Technical Committee, the tindi Muteze, Jeremias Gaobaeb, Petrus Ganuseb, faris, Ms. Jennifer Spears and The Nature Conservancy Jeremiah Kaisuma, Daniel Karutjaiva, Japi Uaraavi, provided project logistical and financial support. 86 Round River Conservation Studies Contents Executive Summary. 7 70% Overall Representation Synthesis Scenario . 71 Introduction. 11 Cumulative Conservation Value (CCV) Index: a Threshold Analysis . 73 Project Objectives. 13 Cumulative Conservation Values. 75 Study Area Background . 15 Conservation Core & Buffer Zone Summaries. 76 Methods Overview. 19 Discussion. 79 Volume Two: Results and Discussion Volume Three: References and Appendices Results . 31 References. 89 Base data. 31 Appendix 1: Project Area Rare and Endemic Animals. 91 Mapping Traditional Land Use Values. 39 Appendix 2: Mesa-specialist Plants (Burke, 2003). 93 Core Wildlife Habitat: Focal Species . 45 Appendix 4: ArcReader Map Viewing Project. 96 Desert Elephant Habitat. 45 Appendix 5: Representation Analysis Summary Charts . 97 Desert Lion Habitat. 49 Desert Black Rhino Habitat . 53 Focal Species Coverage . 57 Ecological Land Units and Special Elements. 59 Landscape Connectivity . 60 Synthesis. 63 30% Overall Representation Synthesis Scenario . 69 50% Overall Representation Synthesis Scenario . 70 Kunene Regional Ecological Analysis 87 88 Round River Conservation Studies References Ardron, J.A., Possingham, H.P., and Klein, C.J. (eds) Desmot, P., and R. Cowling. 2004. Using the species- endemic Namibian bird species. Biological Conserva- 2008. Marxan Good Practices Handbook. External area relationship to set baseline targets for conserva- tion 88: 121-131. review version; 17 May, 2008. Pacific Marine Analysis tion. Ecology and Society 9: 11. and Research Association, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 155 Jepson, P., F. Momberg, and H. van Noord. 2002. A pages. www.pacmara.org Driver, A., R.M. Cowling, and K. Maze. 2003. Plan- review of the efficacy of the protected area system of ning for Living Landscapes: Perspectives and lesson East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Natural Areas Boyce, M.S., and L.L. McDonald. 1999. Relating from South Africa. Washington DC: Center for Ap- Journal 22:28-42. populations to habitats using resource selection func- plied Biodoversity Science at Conservation Interna- tions. TREE 17: 268-272. tional; Cape Town: Botanical Society of South Africa. Johnson, C.J. and M. Boyce. 2004. A quantitative Fairbanks, D. H. K., B. Reyers, and A. S. van Jaars- approach for regional environmental assessment: Berger, J., P. B. Stacey, L. Bellis, and M. P. Johnson. veld. 2001. Species and environment representation: application of a habitat-based population viability 2001. A mammalian predator-prey imbalance: Griz- Selecting reserves for the retention of avian diversity analysis to the wildlife of the Canadian Central Arctic. zly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Biological Conserva- Research and Development Monograph Series. migrants. Ecological Applications 11:947-960. tion 98:365-379. Johnson, C.J., D.R. Seip, and M.S. Boyce. 2004. A Brashares, J. S. 2003. Ecological, behavioral, and Galindo-Leal, C., J. P. Fay, S. Weiss, and B. Sandler. quantitative approach to conservation planning: using life-history correlates of mammal extinctions in West 2000. Conservation priorities in the greater Calakmul resource selection functions to map the distribution of Africa. Conservation Biology 17:733-743. region, Mexico: Correcting the consequences of a mountain caribou at multiple spatial scales. Journal of congenital illness. Natural Areas Journal 20:376-380. Applied Ecology 41: 238-251. Brashares, J. S., P. Arcese, and M. K. Sam. 2001. Hawkins, V., and P. Selman. 2002. Landscape scale Human demography and reserve size predict wild- planning: exploring alternative land use scenarios. Johnson, C.J., S.E. Nielsen, E.H. Merrill, T.L. Mc- life extinction in West Africa. Proceedings of the Landscape and Urban Planning 60:211-224. Donald, and M.S. Boyce. 2006. Resource selection Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences functions based on use-availability data: theoretical 268:2473-2478. Heydenrych, B. J., R. M. Cowling, and A. T. Lombard. motivation and evaluation methods. Journal of Wild- 1999. Strategic conservation interventions in a region life Management 70: 347-357. Brooks, T., A. Balmford, N. Burgess, J. Fjeldsa, L. A. of high biodiversity and high vulnerability: A case Hansen, J. Moore, C. Rahbek, and P. Williams. 2001. study from the Agulhas Plain at the southern tip of Johnson, C.J., and M.P. Gillingham. 2005. An evalu- Toward a blueprint for conservation in Africa. Bio- Africa. Oryx 33:256-269. ation of mapped species distribution models used for science 51:613-624. conservation planning. Environmental Conservation Howard, P. C., T. R. B. Davenport, F. W. Kigenyi, P. 32: 1-12. Bunnell, F. L. 1995. Forest-dwelling vertebrate faunas Viskanic, M. C. Baltzer, C. J. Dickinson, J. Lwanga, R. and natural fire regimes in British Columbia: Patterns A. Matthews, and E. Mupada. 2000. Protected area Larson. M.A., W.D. Dijak, F.R. Thompson, and J.J. and implications for conservation. Conservation Biol- planning in the tropics: Uganda’s national system of Millspaugh. 2003. Landscape-level habitat suitabil- ogy 9:636-644. forest nature reserves. Conservation Biology 14:858- ity models for twelve wildlife species in southern 875. Missouri. United States Department of Agriculture, Burke, A. 2003. How special are Etendeka Mesas? Forest Service General Technical Report NC-233, St. Flora and elevation gradients in an arid landscape in Jarvis, A.M., and A. Robertson. 1999. Predicting Paul, Minnesota, USA. north-west Namibia. Journal of Arid Environments population sizes and priority conservation areas for 10 55: 747-764. Kunene Regional Ecological Analysis 89 Leggett, K.E.A. 2006. Home range and seasonal Africa. Biological Conservation 112: 99-127. Wapole. M. 2003. Factors Affecting the Recovery of movement of elephants in the Kunene River, north- Masai Mara Black Rhino Population. In: Wapole, M., western Namibia. African Zoology 41: 17-36. Pringle, C. M. 2001. Hydrologic connectivity and the Karanja, G., Sitati, N., and N. Leader-Williams (eds) management of biological reserves: A global perspec- Wildlife and People: Conflict and Conservation in Lewis, K., and S. Westmacott. 1996. A protected areas tive. Ecological Applications 11:981-998. Masai Mara, Kenya. IIED Wildlife and Development strategy for British Columbia: Provincial overview and Series (14), London, UK. status report. Land Use Coordination Office, Province Sanjayan, M. A., and M. E. Soulé. 1997. Moving