Episcopacy, Authority, and Gender <UN> Brill’s Series in Church History and Religious Culture Edited by Wim Janse (Amsterdam) Fred van Lieburg (Amsterdam) In cooperation with Jan Wim Buisman (Leiden) Paul van Geest (Tilburg/Amsterdam) Alastair Hamilton (London) R. Ward Holder (Manchester, nh) Scott Mandelbrote (Cambridge, uk) Andrew Pettegree (St Andrews) Karla Pollmann (Canterbury) volume 71 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsch <UN> Episcopacy, Authority, and Gender Aspects of Religious Leadership in Europe, 1100–2000 Edited by Jan Wim Buisman Marjet Derks Peter Raedts LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> Cover illustration: Public display of religious vigour by a Grail group in the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium, 1931. Courtesy of kdc Nijmegen, Katholiek Leven in Beeld (klib). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Episcopacy, authority, and gender : aspects of religious leadership in Europe, 1100-2000 / edited by Jan Wim Buisman, Marjet Derks, Peter Raedts. pages cm. -- (Brill’s series in church history, ISSN 1572-4107 ; VOLUME 71) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-30311-9 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Christian leadership--History. 2. Europe--Church history. I. Buisman, Jan Willem, editor. BV652.1.E65 2015 262’.109--dc23 2015028151 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1572-4107 ISBN 978-90-04-30311-9 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-30312-6 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Figures and Tables viii List of Contributors ix 1 Introduction 1 Peter Raedts & Marjet Derks Part 1 Episcopacy 2 Canonical Anarchy and Failing Deans as Reflected in Episcopal Visitation Records of Netherlandish Collegiate Churches from the 1570s 11 Jan Kuys 3 Episcopal Leadership and Parochial Life: Two Case Studies 22 Paula Yates 4 Episcopal Leadership of the Church in Victorian London: A Review of the Visitation Charges delivered to their Clergy by Bishops of London c. 1830–1900 35 W.M. Jacob 5 Ecumenical Leadership in the Church of England: The Role of Bishop John Wordsworth 47 Nigel Yates † 6 Renewal of Religious Leadership According to an Ancient Model: Bishop Joseph Hubert Reinkens and Bishop Martin of Tours 59 Angela Berlis Part 2 Organization and Charisma 7 Creating a Model of Religious Leadership: The Vita of Gilbert of Sempringham 85 Katherine Sykes <UN> vi contents 8 Authority and Obedience in the Early Franciscan Order 98 Jens Röhrkasten 9 Pastoral Revolutionaries? Parish Clergy and Religious Leadership in Late Medieval England 114 R.N. Swanson 10 Religious Leadership and English Dissent after the Glorious Revolution: The Role of the Rev. Dr Daniel Williams (ca. 1643-1715/16) 127 David L. Wykes 11 Edward Irving’s Hybrid: Towards a Nineteenth-Century Apostolic and Presbyterian Pentecostalism 139 Peter Elliott 12 Chairman as Leader: P.T. Forsyth in 1905 149 Clyde Binfield Part 3 Gender and Laity 13 Concepts of Female Leadership from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century. From Hildegard of Bingen to Joan of Arc 169 Daniela Müller 14 Catholicism, Gender, and Volcanic Leadership: Controversies around the Grail Movement in the Netherlands, 1920s–1930s 188 Marjet Derks 15 Clerical Authority and Prophetic Alternatives: Changing Appreciations of Religious Leadership among the Dutch Dominicans during the Twentieth Century 210 Marit Monteiro Index 237 <UN> Acknowledgements This volume is the belated outcome of the Seventh British-Dutch Colloquium of historians of Christianity, held at the University of Kent’s Canterbury cam- pus from 10–13 April 2008. The conference, organised under the auspices of the Commission Internationale d’Histoire et d’Études du Christianisme (cihec) focused on the theme of ‘Religious Leadership.’ The contents of this volume reflect many aspects of the themes which were addressed at the meeting, examined across a wide geographical and chronological range. Following the conference, and despite all efforts, editorial management turned out to be almost more challenging than religious leadership itself. For that reason, Jan Wim Buisman (Leiden University) joined the enterprise as an external editor in 2010. However, a combination of high work pressure and aca- demic reorganization projects created further delays and almost killed the projected publication. One consequence was that Theo Clemens handed over his editorial role to Marjet Derks (Radboud University Nijmegen) in January 2012. We are grateful for his involvement in the initial stages. We also thank Robert Swanson (University of Birmingham) for reviewing the essays of those contributors for whom English is not their usual written language. Leiden/Nijmegen, August 2015 Jan Wim Buisman Marjet Derks Peter Raedts <UN> List of Figures and Tables Figures 3.1 Bishop Watson 25 3.2 Bishop Burgess 28 5.1 Bishop Wordsworth 50 6.1 Joseph Hubert Reinkens as Professor 62 6.2 Joseph Hubert Reinkens as Bishop 71 14.1 Public display of religious vigour by a Grail group in the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium, 1931 199 14.2 Grail woman publicly leading in prayer at the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium 202 14.3 Delegation of the Women of Nazareth in Rome, 1935 203 Tables 3.1 Frequency of Sunday Services as a Percentage of Parishes with Returns 29 3.2 Frequency of Communion Services as a Percentage of Parishes with Returns 29 3.3 Communicant Figures as a Percentage of Parishes with Returns 30 3.4 Parishes Reporting Different Categories of Elementary School for the First Time 1802/4 or 1813 32 <UN> List of Contributors Angela Berlis is ordinary Professor for the History of Old Catholicism and General Church History, and Head of the Department for Old Catholic Theology, University of Bern. From 2006–2009 she was Professor for old Catholic Church Structures at the University of Utrecht and from 2002–2009 director of the Old Catholic Seminary there. From 2007–2011 she was president of the European Society of Women in Theological Research (eswtr). Her publications include Frauen im Prozess der Kirchwerdung. Eine historisch-theologische Studie zur Anfangsphase des deutschen Altkatholizismus (1850–1890) (Frankfurt a.M., 1998). Clyde Binfield is Professor Emeritus in History at the University of Sheffield. A Cambridge graduate (Emmanuel College), he taught at Sheffield from 1964–2001 and was Head of Department from 1988–1991. A past-president of the Ecclesiastical History Society (1990–1991), his publications have focused on the architectural, political, and societal aspects of English Nonconformity, and on the history of the ymca. Jan Wim Buisman studied modern history in Leiden and Paris. As of 2007 he is Lecturer of the History of Christianity at Leiden University. Moreover, he is Editor-in-Chief of Church History and Religious Culture. His various publications include: Tussen vroomheid en Verlichting, 2 vols. (Zwolle, 1992). He is particularly interested in the impact of natural disasters on religious mentalities. His current research entails a broad cultural study of the history of the introduction of Benjamin Franklin’s lightning-rod in Europe. Marjet Derks is Assistant Professor of Cultural and Religious History at Radboud University, Nijmegen. She works in the field of radical religious movements in modernity, transnational Catholic women’s movements, and the history of women reli- gious. She is coordinator of the research programme Self, Script, and Society, for which scholars in the field of social and cultural history concentrate on cultural life scripts: the complex relations between individuals and dominant representations of an idealized life that are shared with others within society. <UN> x list of contributors Peter Elliott lectures at two different theological colleges in Perth, Western Australia. His master’s thesis focused on separatism in mid-seventeenth-century England as seen through the writings of Katherine Chidley. His doctorate examined the interplay between Romanticism and religion in early nineteenth-century England, using Edward Irving as a case study (Edward Irving: Romantic Theology in Crisis [Milton Keynes, 2013]). W.M. Jacob is an Honorary Research Fellow in King’s College University of London, and for- mer Archdeacon of Charing Cross in the Diocese of London. He has published Lay People and Religion in the Early Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1996), The Making of the Anglican Church Worldwide (London, 1997), The Clerical Profession in the Long-Eighteenth Century 1680–1840 (Oxford-New York, 2007), and numer- ous articles in eighteenth and nineteenth century British church history. He is currently researching about religion in Victorian