Family: Solanaceae Taxon: Solanum betaceum Synonym: Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn. Common Name: Tree tomato Cyphomandra crassifolia Kuntze Arbre à tomates Solanum crassifolium Ortega Tomate-de-árvore Tamarillo Tomate de árbol Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 7 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 4/18/2012 Solanum betaceum (Solanaceae) Page 1 of 10 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 2 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 7 Print Date: 4/18/2012 Solanum betaceum (Solanaceae) Page 2 of 10 Supporting Data: 101 1987. Morton, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - [Is the species highly domesticated? No] "There are apparently no named Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea). J.F. cultivars, but there are local preferences according to fruit color. Red fruits are Morton, Miami, FL chosen for the fresh fruit markets because of their appealing color. The dark-red http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/tree_t strain (called "black") now leading in commercial plantings in New Zealand was omato.html obtained by selection around 1920 as a variation from the yellow and purple types grown up to that time. It was propagated and reselection thereafter resulted in this large, higher quality, red variety. Yellow fruits are considered best for preserving because of their superior flavor." 101 1994. Bohs, L.. Cyphomandra (Solanaceae). [Is the species highly domesticated? No] "Cyphomandra betacea also has the Flora Neotropica. 63: 1-175. derived state of self compatibility, which may be related to its cultivated status." [Domestication may have resulted in the ability to self-fertilize] 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1987. Morton, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "The tree tomato is Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea). J.F. not tropical but subtropical. It flourishes between 5,000 and 10,000 ft (1,525- Morton, Miami, FL 3,050 m) in Ecuador; between 1,000 and 3,000 ft (305 915 m) in Puerto Rico; http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/tree_t 1,000 to 7,500 ft (305 2,288 m) in India. In Haiti it grows and fruits to perfection at omato.html 6,000 ft (1,830 m). In cooler climates, it succeeds at lower elevations. It does best where the temperature remains above 50º F (10º C). Frost at 28º F (-2.2º C) kills the small branches and foliage of mature trees but not the largest branches and main stem. The tree will recover if such frosts are not prolonged or frequent. However, seedlings and cuttings are readily killed by frost during their first year." 202 1994. Bohs, L.. Cyphomandra (Solanaceae). [Quality of climate match data 0-Low] "The natural range of C. betacea is unclear. Flora Neotropica. 63: 1-175. On the map of Fig. 11 all the known localities of C. betacea in the Neotropics are included, and cultivated individuals probably account for many of the outlying points." 203 1987. Morton, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "The tree tomato is not Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea). J.F. tropical but subtropical. It flourishes between 5,000 and 10,000 ft (1,525-3,050 m) Morton, Miami, FL in Ecuador; between 1,000 and 3,000 ft (305 915 m) in Puerto Rico; 1,000 to http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/tree_t 7,500 ft (305 2,288 m) in India. In Haiti it grows and fruits to perfection at 6,000 ft omato.html (1,830 m). In cooler climates, it succeeds at lower elevations. It does best where the temperature remains above 50º F (10º C). Frost at 28º F (-2.2º C) kills the small branches and foliage of mature trees but not the largest branches and main stem. The tree will recover if such frosts are not prolonged or frequent. However, seedlings and cuttings are readily killed by frost during their first year." [Although elevation range exceeds 1000 m, it is mostly suited to higher elevations] 203 1996. Bajaj, Y.P.S.. Biotechnology in agriculture [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Tamarillos do not and forestry: Trees IV. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, withstand very low temperatures (frost may kill the leaves and tender growths - Heidelberg, New York Slack 1976), or the very high tropical heat (Morris 1887; Bois 1927). They do best in subtropical conditions or in tropical regions at altitudes between 700 and 2000 m (Boies 1927; Fouque 1973)." 203 2012. World Agroforestry Centre. AgroForestry [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Altitude: 1 000-3 000 m, Tree Database - Cyphomandra betacea. Mean annual temperature: 15-21 deg. C Soil type: Grow best on well drained PROSEA, soils rich in organic matter and ample moisture. They cannot withstand http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/produ waterlogging even for a period of a few days." [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m] cts/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=639 204 1987. Morton, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "The Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea). J.F. tree tomato is not tropical but subtropical. It flourishes between 5,000 and 10,000 Morton, Miami, FL ft (1,525-3,050 m) in Ecuador; between 1,000 and 3,000 ft (305 915 m) in Puerto http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/tree_t Rico; 1,000 to 7,500 ft (305 2,288 m) in India. In Haiti it grows and fruits to omato.html perfection at 6,000 ft (1,830 m). In cooler climates, it succeeds at lower elevations. It does best where the temperature remains above 50º F (10º C). Frost at 28º F (-2.2º C) kills the small branches and foliage of mature trees but not the largest branches and main stem. The tree will recover if such frosts are not prolonged or frequent. However, seedlings and cuttings are readily killed by frost during their first year." Print Date: 4/18/2012 Solanum betaceum (Solanaceae) Page 3 of 10 205 1987.