Supplementary Materials The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia Table of Contents S1 Description of Four Online Tables and the Online Data Visualizer ........................... 7 S2 Archeological descriptions of 523 newly reported ancient individuals .................... 12 S2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 12 S2.2 Individuals from the Forest Zone / Steppe ....................................................................... 13 S2.2.1 Individuals from the Forest Zone in the Neolithic period ........................................................ 13 S2.2.1.1 West Siberian Hunter-Gatherers .......................................................................................... 13 S2.2.1.1.1 Sosnoviy-Ostrov, Tyumen Oblast, western Siberia, Russia (n=1) ................................ 13 S2.2.1.1.2 Mergen Settlements, Tyumen Oblast, western Siberia, Russia (n=2) ........................... 14 S2.2.2 Sites from the Steppe Zone in Early to Middle Bronze Age Cemeteries ................................. 16 S2.2.2.1 Kumsay (Kyryk Oba), Kazakhstan (n=4) ............................................................................ 16 S2.2.2.2 Mereke, Kazakhstan (n=3) ................................................................................................... 17 S2.2.2.3 Dali, Bayan-Zherek Valley, Kazakhstan (n=1) .................................................................... 18 S2.2.2.4 Yamnaya Pastoralists from Samara, Russia (n=1) ............................................................... 19 S2.2.2.5 Afanasievo pastoralists of the Altai mountains and Yenisei river basin (n=26) .................. 19 S2.2.2.5.1 Saldyar-1 cemetery, Altai Mountains, Russia (n=1) ..................................................... 20 S2.2.2.5.2 Ust’-Kuyum cemetery, Altai Mountains, Russia (n=1) ................................................. 21 S2.2.2.5.3 Kaminnaya Cave, Altai Mountains, Russia (n=1) ......................................................... 21 S2.2.2.5.4 Karasuk III, Russia, cluster B, kurgans 1 and 2 (n=8) .................................................. 21 S2.2.2.5.5 Afanasieva Gora, Middle Yenisei region, Russia (n=5) ................................................ 24 S2.2.2.5.6 Elo 1, Russia (n=3) ........................................................................................................ 26 S2.2.2.5.7 Elo Bashi, Russia (n=2) ................................................................................................. 26 S2.2.2.5.8 Lower Tyumechin 1, western Siberia, Russia (n=3) ..................................................... 27 S2.2.2.5.9 Krasnoyarsk Krai, Minusinsk, Podsukhanikha II (n=1) ................................................ 28 S2.2.2.5.10 Inskoy Dol, Russia (n=1) ............................................................................................. 29 S2.2.2.6 Poltavka: Pastoralists from the Poltavka culture (n=4) ....................................................... 31 S2.2.2.6.1 Grachevka cluster, Sok River, Samara Oblast, Russia (n=1) ........................................ 31 S2.2.2.6.2 Samara River valley and steppes to the south (n=1) ..................................................... 32 S2.2.2.6.3 Zhuravlikha I, Bolshoi Irgiz River, Samara oblast (n=1) .............................................. 32 S2.2.2.6.4 Nikolaevka III, Volzhskiy region, Samara Oblast (n=1) ............................................... 32 S2.2.2.7 Potapovka culture pastoralists from the Grachevka kurgan cemeteries (n=2) .................... 33 S2.2.3 Sites from the Steppe Zone in the MLBA ................................................................................ 34 S2.2.3.1 Corded Ware Complex from the Western Steppe (n=7) ...................................................... 34 S2.2.3.1.1 Radovesice, Czech Republic (n=3) ............................................................................... 34 S2.2.3.1.2 Bílina, Czech Republic (n=3) ........................................................................................ 35 S2.2.3.1.3 Velké Žernoseky, Czech Republic (n=1) ...................................................................... 37 S2.2.3.2 Northeastern Kazakhstan, Kanai Cemetery (n=1) ............................................................... 37 S2.2.3.3 Petrovka culture, Stepnoe VII cemetery, Russia (n=3) ........................................................ 37 S2.2.3.4 Sintashta culture from Kamennyi Ambar 5 cemetery, Russia (n=50) ................................. 39 S2.2.3.5 Satan, Central Kazakhstan (n=1) ......................................................................................... 49 S2.2.3.6 Maitan, Central Kazakhstan (n=9) ....................................................................................... 50 S2.2.3.7 Karagash 2, Central Kazakhstan (n=3) ................................................................................ 51 S2.2.3.8 Ak-Moustafa, Central Kazakhstan (n=1) ............................................................................. 52 S2.2.3.9 Dali, Bayan-Zherek Valley, Kazakhstan (n=4) .................................................................... 53 S2.2.3.9.1 Middle to Late Bronze Age Dali 1 cemetery, burial 1, Kazakhstan (n=3) .................... 53 S2.2.3.9.2 Early Bronze Age Dali settlement, Kazakhstan (n=1) .................................................. 55 S2.2.3.10 Lisakovskiy, Northern Kazakhstan (n=2) ....................................................................... 56 S2.2.3.11 Kairan, Kazakhstan (n=10) ............................................................................................. 56 S2.2.3.12 Kyzyl Bulak, Kazakhstan (n=2) ...................................................................................... 60 S2.2.3.13 Multiple sites near Krasnoyarsk, Western Siberia (n=18) .............................................. 61 S2.2.3.13.1 Potroshilovo II cemetery, Russia (n=3) ....................................................................... 62 S2.2.3.13.2 Ust-Bir IV cemetery, Russia (n=3) .............................................................................. 62 S2.2.3.13.3 Chumysh-Perekat-1 cemetery (n=1) ............................................................................ 63 S2.2.3.13.4 Orak burial place, Russia (n=11) ................................................................................. 63 S2.2.3.14 Priobrazhenka 3, Russia (n=1) ........................................................................................ 65 S2.2.3.15 Srubnaya culture, Samara Steppes, Samara oblast, Russia (n=1) ................................... 66 S2.2.3.16 Solyanka Vodokhranilische, western Kazakhstan (n=1) ................................................ 67 S2.2.3.17 Aktogai, Kazakhstan (n=5) ............................................................................................. 67 S2.2.3.18 Kazakh Mys, Kazakhstan (n=4) ...................................................................................... 69 S2.2.3.19 Dashti-Kozy, Tajikistan (n=3) ........................................................................................ 71 S2.2.3.20 Kokcha 3, Kokcha, Uzbekistan (n=3) ............................................................................. 72 S2.2.3.21 Oy-Dzhaylau III, Kazakhstan, (n=7) ............................................................................... 73 S2.2.3.22 Taldysay, Central Kazakhstan (n=2) ............................................................................... 75 S2.2.3.23 Talapty II, South Kazakhstan (n=1) ................................................................................ 76 S2.2.3.24 Kashkarchi Burial Mound, Ferghana Province, Uzbekistan (n=2) ................................. 77 S2.2.3.25 Bylkyldak, Central Kazakhstan (n=1) ............................................................................. 79 S2.2.3.26 Shoendykol, Baianaul District, Pavlodar Region, Eastern Kazakhstan (n=3) ................ 79 S2.2.4 Sites from the Steppe Zone in the LBA .................................................................................... 81 S2.2.4.1 Chanchar, Kazakhstan (n=2) ................................................................................................ 81 S2.2.4.2 Georgievsky Bugor, Kazakhstan (n=2) ............................................................................... 82 S2.2.4.3 Guruldek, Kazakhstan (n=1) ................................................................................................ 82 S2.2.4.4 Priobrazhenka 3, Russia (n=1) ............................................................................................. 83 S2.2.4.5 Zevakinskiy stone fence, Kazakhstan (n=8) ........................................................................ 83 S2.2.4.6 Tasbas, Byan Zherek (n=3) .................................................................................................. 87 S2.2.4.7 Malaya Krasnoyarka, Ul’ken Narym, Katon Karagai, East Kazakhstan (n=1) ................... 88 S2.2.4.8 Myrzhyk, Kazakhstan (n=1) ................................................................................................ 88 S2.3 Sites from Iran/Turan ........................................................................................................ 88 S2.3.1 Sites from Mesolithic Iran/Turan .............................................................................................