Islam and Philippine Society The Writings of Cesar Adib Majul Introduction Julkipli Wadi Islam in the Philippines • Islam in the Philippines and its China Link (1999) • An Analysis of the ‘Genealogy of Sulu’ (1979) • An Historical Background on the Coming and Spread of Islam and Christianity in Southeast Asia (1976) • Some Social and Cultural Problems of the Muslims in the Philippines (1976) • The Role of Islam in the History of the Filipino People (1966) Filipino Nationalism • Principales, Ilustrados, Intellectuals and the Original Concept of a Filipino National Community (1977) • Asia and the Humanities (1973) • National Identity and the Philippine University (1973) • The Relevance of Mabini’s Social Ideas to our Times (1973) • Social Background of Revolution (1971) Retrospective Issue 1 | Volume 46: 1-2 2010 About the Journal Asian Studies is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman. Since 1965, it has promoted original research that helps enhance the understanding of and enliven discussions on issues relevant to Asia. Editorial Board • Eduardo C. Tadem (Editor in Chief), Asian Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman • Michiyo Yoneno-Reyes (Book Review Editor), Asian Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman • Eduardo T. Gonzalez, Asian and Philippine Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman • Ricardo T. Jose, History, University of the Philippines Diliman • Joseph Anthony Lim, Economics, Ateneo de Manila University • Teresa Encarnacion Tadem, Political Science, University of the Philippines Diliman • Lily Rose Tope, English and Comparative Literature, University of the Philippines Diliman Managing Editor - Janus Isaac V. Nolasco Editorial Advisory Board • Patricio N. Abinales, University of Hawaii at Manoa • Andrew Charles Bernard Aeria, University of Malaysia Sarawak • Benedict Anderson, Cornell University • Melani Budianta, University of Indonesia • Urvashi Butalia, Zubaan Books (An imprint of Kali for Women) • Vedi Renandi Hadiz, Murdoch University • Caroline S. Hau, Kyoto University • Huang Renwei, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences • Reynaldo C. Ileto, National University of Singapore • Benedict Tria Kerkvliet, Australian National University & University of Hawaii • Lau Kin Chi, Lingnan University • Lee Jung Ok, Daegu Catholic University • Francis Loh Kok Wah, Universiti Sains Malaysia • Armando S. Malay, Jr., University of the Philippines Diliman • Kinhide Mushakoji, Osaka University • Raul Pertierra, University of the Philippines Diliman • Somchai Phatharathananunth, Mahasarakham University • Michael Pinches, University of Western Australia • Bambang Purwanto, Gadjah Mada University • Vinod Raina, Jawaharlal Nehru University • Helen Yu-Rivera, University of the Philippines Diliman • Harsh Sethi, Seminar Journal (New Delhi) • Wen Tiejun, Renmin University of China • Surichai Wun’Gaeo, Chulalongkorn University Retrospective Issue 1 | Volume 46: 1-2 2010 Islam and Philippine Society: The Writings of Cesar Adib Majul i | Editorial Note Introduction ii | Julkipli Wadi Islam in the Philippines 1 | Islam in the Philippines and its China Link (1999) 17 | An Analysis of the ‘Genealogy of Sulu’ (1979) 34 | An Historical Background on the Coming and Spread of Islam and Christianity in Southeast Asia (1976) 48 | Some Social and Cultural Problems of the Muslims in the Philippines (1976) 65 | The Role of Islam in the History of the Filipino People (1966) Filipino Nationalism 78 | Principales, Ilustrados, Intellectuals and the Original Concept of a Filipino National Community (1977) 98 | Asia and the Humanities (1973) 110 | National Identity and the Philippine University (1973) 116 | The Relevance of Mabini’s Social Ideas to our Times (1973) 125 | Social Background of Revolution (1971) The content of Asian Studies may not be republished without the written permission of the Asian Center. The photograph of Cesar Adib Majul was kindly provided by the Institute of Islamic Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman. Asian Studies Copyright 2010 | ISSN: 0004-4679 Asian Center, Magsaysay cor. Guerrero Sts. University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City Email: [email protected] Phone: 63.2.920.3535 or 63.2.981.8500 loc. 3586 i Editorial Note This current issue of Asian Studies on the works of the eminent scholar Cesar Adib Majul initiates a series of retrospective volumes on works by prominent intellectuals that have appeared on the pages of the journal over the past five decades. Some of the authors to be featured include James Scott, Nicholas Tarling, Benedict Kerkvliet, Willem Wolters, Robert Reed, David Sturtevant, Norman Owen, Emanuel Sarkisyanz, Jean Grossholtz, Ian Nish, and many others. The series fulfils two objectives - one practical, the other academic. The practical aspect is that the journal is faced with a backlog of twelve (12) issues and coming out with retrospective volumes is one way of overcoming this rather large surfeit. From a scholarly standpoint, however, the retrospective issues enable readers to look back to the past in order to make sense of the present. In his introductory article, Islamic Studies Dean Julkipli Wadi notes that that this Majul issue, which covers a “rich historical canvas” of works on Moro society, culture, and politics, serendipitously appears at a time when a “Framework Agreement” between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) had just been signed on October 15, 2012. The editorial board begs the indulgence and patience of readers for the chronological discrepancies that will appear in these retrospective issues. Thus, dates and events in some articles may not necessarily synchronize with volume dates and numbers. This Majul issue, while being released in December 2012, actually comprises Volume 46, Numbers 1 and 2 of 2010. It is hoped that the backlogs will be fully covered by the first quarter of 2013 so that regular publication will resume by June of the same year. We also take this opportunity to announce the reorganization of Asian Studies via the reconstitution of a new seven-person editorial board, the formation of a 24-person editorial advisory board, and the recruitment of a managing editor and editorial associate. Their names and designations appear in the editorial box in this volume. Lastly, the editorial board of Asian Studies wishes to extend its condolences to the family of David Wurfel, who passed away on 12 November 2012. He was a brilliant scholar, a committed social activist, and a member of the journal’s editorial advisory board. Eduardo C. Tadem, Ph.D. Editor in chief 5 December 2012 VOLUME 46 2010 ii Introduction Introduction Islam and Philippine Society: The Writings of Cesar Adib Majul Julkipli Wadi ~o0o~ Cesar Adib Majul is the author of ten reprinted articles that comprise the present volume of the Asian Studies journal. He is an erudite scholar, well-remembered by his colleagues, students, and friends in the University of the Philippines (UP), in academic circles in Southeast Asia, and in other parts of the world. It augurs well for the UP Asian Center that they are honoring him and his contribution to Philippine scholarship, especially his writings on Filipino nationalism and Muslims in the Philippines. Those who knew and had read Dean Majul, as he was popularly known, must be familiar with how he extensively dissected the issue of Filipino nationalism. His voluminous body of work covers the Philippine Reform Movement, the Philippine Revolution, and the sociopolitical thought of Jose Rizal and Apolinario Mabini, among others. Equally important are his groundbreaking studies on Islam in the Philippines and Southeast Asia, which cover the nature and dynamics of Moro society; the genesis of Philippine Islam and its cross-cultural currents in the Malay world; and the background, causes, and dynamics of the Mindanao conflict. It is timely to review his pertinent works, especially in light of recent events. With sheer serendipity, these reprints come auspiciously after the signing of the “Framework Agreement” between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GPH) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) on October 15, 2012. The Agreement is envisioned to usher a new dawn of peace in the Muslim South. To say the least, these articles provide a rich historical canvas that can help determine the context and possible trajectories of the Framework’s vision of peace. Undoubtedly, the University of the Philippines has been the nation’s edifice of knowledge, a home for chiseling ideas, and a clarion of liberal thought and philosophy since its establishment in 1908. Dean Majul was a pillar of UP’s Golden Age, which saw the rise of student activism that culminated in the First Quarter Storm. Dean Majul would probably loathe the praise — a VOLUME 46 2010 Introduction iii humility that was a hallmark of his personality. Indeed, he hardly spoke about himself in his writings, and, except in some extemporaneous lectures, seldom used first-person pronouns in his work. It is in fidelity to his self- effacing nature that part of this introduction is written. It puts Dean Majul not in the spotlight, but in the company of rare and exceptionally brilliant group of UP scholars. Very few Filipino academics and social scientists, even if they could match Dean Majul’s more than half a century of productive scholarship, could claim to belong to a distinct class of scholars. While many have the rigor to probe the different dimensions of the sciences and diverse