CONTENTS Plenary Session......................................................................................................................... 2 S1-Molecular basis of the compatible interaction; nematode effectors ................................... 6 S2-Free-living terrestrial nematodes ...................................................................................... 15 Workshop 1-EUPHRESCO Meloidogyne project closing meeting ........................................24 S4-Plant-parasitic nematodes in tropical crops with focus on Meloidogyne spp. ..................26 S5-Morphology and taxonomy ...............................................................................................40 S6-Molecular diagnostics…………………….......................................................................57 S7-Entomopathogenic nematodes; EPN biodiversity, taxonomy and strain collection .........66 S8-Biodiversity and evolution ................................................................................................73 S9-Quarantine nematology; PWN ..........................................................................................83 S10-Entomopathogenic nematodes; use of EPN ....................................................................94 S11-Plant-parasitic nematodes in subtropical crops; CCN ...................................................105 S12-Quarantine nematology; new threats, pest risk analysis ................................................120 S13-Molecular basis of the compatible interaction; plant response to nematode infection...134 S14-Interactions of nematodes with other organisms; non-compatible interactions (including biocontrol)……............................................................................................143 S15-Behaviour and physiology ..............................................................................................153 S16- Molecular basis of non-compatible plant nematode relationship; resistance and virulence........................................................................................................................164 S17-Plant-parasitic nematodes in temperate crops; management of plant nematodes ..........179 S18-Plant-parasitic nematode in tropical crops .....................................................................201 S19-Interactions of nematodes with other organisms; micro-organisms associated with nematodes .....................................................................................................................207 S20-Plant-parasitic nematodes in temperate crops; new issues .............................................219 S21- Nematode as bioindicators ............................................................................................229 S22-Nematode genomics and transcriptomics- High Throughput Sequencing and de novo Assemblies ...............................................................................................240 S23-Nematode genomics and transcriptomics- Functional analyses ....................................246 S24-Potential of soil amendments and plant extracts to control plant-parasitic nematodes..262 WORKSHOP-Quality assurance in nematology ...................................................................267 1 Plenary Session 2 Nematode anhydrobiosis and cryobiosis: insights from molecular studies Burnell, A.M. Nematode Genetics Laboratory, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; [email protected] Nematodes require a moist body surface for normal activity. Yet some nematodes survive severe desiccation (anhydrobiosis) or freezing (cryobiosis) conditions. Anhydrobiotic nematodes can survive conditions where there is no continuous aqueous phase in the cytoplasm and the hydration shell of biomolecules is lost. Life processes come to a halt during anhydrobiosis, but they resume again on rehydration. When in an anhydrobiotic state nematodes are resistant to freezing, as they lack the water necessary to form intracellular ice crystals. A link between desiccation tolerance and cold tolerance is also evident in those nematodes that undergo cryoprotective dehydration. These nematodes dehydrate when the soil freezes because of their permeable cuticles and the vapour pressure differences between their supercooled body fluids and soil ice. Unlike desiccation sensitive taxa, anhydrobiotes evolved mechanisms to maintain the structure and integrity of macromolecules and membranes when desiccated and during rehydration. Are these mechanisms the result of an enhanced expression of the generalised stress responses common to all organisms (e.g. molecular chaperones, antioxidants, compatible solutes) or do anhydrobiotes possess unique or novel molecules, or specialist adaptations? Taxa from the main groups of animal anhydrobiotes – rotifers, tardigrades, brine shrimps and nematodes – are being investigated at the molecular level. Such comparative transcriptome and proteome data will aid in identifying core anhydrobiotic processes. I will present an overview of these studies, with particular reference to nematodes. 3 Global food security and the role of nematology Coyne D.L.1 1International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Across the globe crop productivity is continuing to increase, including across the developing world, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. Similarly, while output per capita is increasing across the developing world, it is decreasing in Africa. When considering crop productivity, it is also important to understand that in addition to yield it also includes a measure of other parameters, such as food quality. Increasing food productivity therefore, is not useful if it is unsuitable for consumption or cannot be accessed. Most of the ten fastest growing cities in the world are located within developing countries, three of them in Africa. Rapidly expanding urban centres require equally increased volumes of food, including perishable vegetable products, cultivated locally under intensive conditions. In order to attain global food security significant attention needs to be paid to developing countries and especially sub-Saharan Africa. To improve outputs of high quality crop products, in Africa particularly, there is a need to access increasing areas of more marginal land and to intensify production systems. The sustainable intensification of such cropping systems will need to undergo a significant shift in production style. Access and availability to quality inputs will be necessary, as will improved pest and disease management. Nematode pests are commonly overlooked and/or misdiagnosed across the globe. Nowhere is this more marked than in developing countries under resource limited conditions. A consequent neglect of nematode management thus results. Not only are innovative IPM options for nematode management required but it is equally necessary to develop greater capacity in nematology. Attracting interest in nematology as well as other plant health aspects should be a key pillar within the overall strategy to increasing agricultural productivity, where nematode parasites are significant contributors to current poor levels of productivity. In developing countries most farmers are small scale, but will be increasingly reliant on more suitable management options, chemical or otherwise, to overcome production losses. This will require substantial investment in training and capacity building, as well as developing stronger links with the agro-input industry for synergy between the public and the private sectors. 4 Interactions between the entomopathogenic nematode/bacterium complex and non-host organisms Hazır, S. Adnan Menderes University, Department of Biology, Aydın,, Turkey; [email protected] Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae occur naturally in soil and infect a wide range of soil insects. The genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are symbiotically associated with bacteria in the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively. To infect and reproduce successfully, the nematode–bacterium complex must overcome a number of constraints imposed by an insect host and the environment. The nematode and bacterium have a mutualistic relationship to aid each other to successfully invade and reproduce in the insect host. Thus, nematode growth and reproduction depend upon conditions established in the host cadaver by the bacterium. The symbiotic bacterium produces chemical compounds within the insect host to assist the nematode in overcoming host defences and suppresses colonisation of the cadaver by competing secondary microbial invaders. Although the soil provides a suitable habitat, a number of potential interactions can occur between the EPN––bacterium complex and non- host organisms. These potentially non-host interactions include such organisms as plant- parasitic nematodes, predacious nematodes, other EPN––bacterium complex species, entomopathogenic fungi, insect parasitoids, and scavengers (i.e., ants, crickets, wasps, cockroaches, calliphorid flies, springtails and mites). Some of these interactions have been studied in detail and will be discussed in terms of their positive and negative impacts on the EPN––bacterium complex. 5 S1 – Molecular basis of the compatible interaction: nematode effectors Convenors: Sophie Mantelin & Geert Smant 6 S01–T1 A root-knot nematode effector injected into giant-cells and targeted to the nuclei is able to suppress plant defences Jaouannet, M.1, Quentin, M.1, Magliano,