STUDIES ON THE FAUNA OF CURAÇAO AND OTHER CARIBBEAN ISLANDS: No. 68 Systematics and Distribution of Siphocypraea mus and Propustularia surinamensis (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) by H.E. Coomans (American Museum of Natural History, New York) There are six living species of Cypraeidae in the West Indies. Three of them are common throughout the whole area: Erosaria spurca acicularis (Gmelin), Luria cinerea (Gmelin) and Trona zebra (Linne). Trona cervus (Linne) has been found only in the northern part of the Caribbean: Florida, Bermuda, the Greater Antilles and the Islands. distribution that it is that Virgin (This proves unlikely the species is only the female form of Trona zebra, as has been WARMKE ABBOTT One suggested by & 1961, p. 92.) species, Sipho- is the of Colombia and cypraea mus (Linne), rare; it lives on coast and is said be found island Pro- Venezuela, to on the of Curasao. pustularia surinamensis (Perry) is very rare, and was only known from nineteenth century records, from Dutch Guiana and some islands of the Lesser Antilles, including Cura?ao. Recently one collected in specimen was Aruba. SYSTEMATICS OF Siphocypraea (Akleistostoma) mus Genus Siphocypraea Heilprin Siphocypraea HEILPRIN 1886, p. 86 Type species by monotypy: Siphocypraea problematica (Heilprin), Pliocene of Florida (Plate I e-f). Cypraea (Siphocypraea) problematica HEILPRIN 1886, p. 87. 52 Subgenus Akleistostoma Gardner Akleistostoma GARDNER 1948, 213. p. WOODRING Muracypraea 1957, p. 88. Type species by original designation: Siphocypraea (Akleistostoma) carolinensis (Conrad), Upper Miocene of the Carolinas and Florida (Plate I c-d). Cypraea (Cypraeorbis section Akleistostoma) carolinensis Conrad 1841, GARDNER 1948, 213. p. Siphocypraea (Akleistostoma) mus (Linné) Plate I a-b Pleistocene-Recent; Gulf of Urabd, Colombia, to E. of Paraguana, Venezuela (Fig. 12). Cypraea mus LINNAEUS 1758, p. 721. [Carthagenam.] Porcellana MARTINI 23 222-223. Gulf of simplex 1769, p. 324, pi. fig. [Carthagena, Maracaibo.] Cypraea trogiloides MEUSCHEN 1781, p. 14. vanelli HUMPHREY 8. Cypraea 1797, p. [Guinea.] ROEDING 22. Cypraea carthaginensis 1798, p. Cypraea autumnalis PERRY 1811, pi. 21 no. 2. maculosa "Hebenstreit" ORBIGNY 89. Cypraea 1853, p. [Antilles, Cuba, Martinique.] Cypraea achates "Argenville" ORBIGNY 1853, p. 89. [Antilles, Cuba, Martinique.] Aricia ROBERTS 202. mus (Linne), 1869, p. [West Indies.] Gisortia mus (Linn6), JOUSSEAUME 1884, p. 89. VREDENBURG 95. Cypraea (Bernayia) mus Linn£, 1920, p. SULLIOTI Cypraea fuscotecta 1924, p. 10. Cypraeorbis (Zoila) mus (Linne), SCHILDER 1924, p. 195. [Cuba - Barbados.] SCHILDER - Cypraeorbis (Siphocypraea) mus (Linne), 1927, p. 98. [Antilles Caracas.] Zoila (Protocypraea) mus (Linne), THIELE 1931, p. 275. SCHILDER 118. Siphocypraea (Siphocypraea) mus (Linne), 1932, p. [E. America, Antilles.] SCHILDER & SCHILDER 1938-1939, 174. to Siphocypraea mus (Linne), p. [Curasao Caracas and Cartagena.] section GARDNER 213. Cypraea (Cypraeorbis Akleistostoma) mus Linn6, 1948, p. [Venezuela.] 17. Siphocypraea mus suta COEN 1949, p. [Antilles.] Cypraea (Muracypraea) mus Linne, WOODRING 1957, p. 88. [South border of Caribbean Sea, Colombia - Venezuela.] Type of Muracypraea. Juvenileor Bulla-stage. (Plate lie.) Bulla GMELIN 3432. ferruginosa 1791, p. Cypraea fuliginosa ROEDING 1798, p. 22. "Schreber" GRAY 83. Cypraea ovata 1828, p. Forms with callosities. (Plate Ila-b.) GRAY 83, Cypraea mus var. tuberculata 1828, p. Cypraea mus var. bicornis SOWERBY 1870, p. 17, pi. 30 fig. 321. [Barbados.] 10 43. Cypraea bicornis Sowerby, ROBERTS (in TRYON) 1885, p. 177, pi. fig. 53 and RUMPHIUS Siphocypraea mus was first reported figured by (1705, p. 119, is pi. 39 fig. S): "Die bij letter S, een heel ongemeenen, ons van Cartagena toege- hem zonden, waarom wij de Cartageensche Kliphoorn noemen." (Translated from the Dutch: The species of figure S, is very rare, sent to us from Cartagena, that is why we call it the Cartagena Cowry.) The species was described by LINNAEUS (1758, p. 721, no. 301) as Cypraea mus, and authors have this MARTINI most accepted name. Porcellana simplex (1769, is not but validated ORBIGNY p. 324) valid, Cypraea simplex was by (1853, p. 89), who also validated several pre-Linnean names: C. maculosa (HEBENSTREIT 1743, and C. achates 1742, 21 p. 300) (ARGENVILLE p. 307, pi. fig. E). HUMPHREY described S. of but (1797, p. 8) mus under the name Cypraea vanelli, this had been LINNAEUS C. vanelli is name preoccupied by (1758, p. 720, no. 295). now considered a subspecies of Cypraea (Lycina) lynx. HUMPHREY'S locality, is for validated GRAY Guinea, also incorrect. C. vanelli as a synonym mus was by (1828, p. 83). ROEDING (1798, p. 22) did honor to RUMPHIUS in describing mus as Cypraea he LINNAEUS carthaginensis, although mentioned that the species was described by The had been used SCHROETER as Cypraea mus. name carthaginensis by (1788, p. 83), but this work is The is SCHILDER not accepted. name misspelled by (1932, p. 118) as PERRY 21 the carthaginiensis. (1811, pi. no. 2) gave an excellent figure of mus, under name of Cypraea autumnalis. has been moved around from will be Siphocypraea mus one genus to another, as with seen here. ROBERTS (1869, p. 202) placed mus in the genus Aricia, together several other In 172 and recent species. a subsequent paper ROBERTS (1885, p. 177) to the also HORST & SCHEPMAN referred species as Cypraea (Aricia) mus, as did Aricia had (1899, p. 197). Gray 1837, however, is not valid, since this name been used for SAVIGNY in 1822. to OUSSEAUME a Polychaeta genus by According J (1884, in the Gisortia. p. 89), mus belonged genus SCHILDER (1924, p. 195) classified mus, along with four other species, as Cypraeor- bis Three had (Zoila group Siphocypraea) mus. years later SCHILDER (1927, p. 98) been changed his opinion, and Zoila had removed as subgenus: Cypraea (Sipho- THIELE used cypraea) mus. (1931, p. 275) Zoila as a genus: Zoila (Protocypraea) mus. In the "Fossilium SCHILDER Catalogus" (1932, p. 118) gave Siphocypraea generic rank, with two subgenera: Siphocypraea s.str. and Barycypraea. Still later Bary- removed from cypraea was Siphocypraea (SCHILDER 1941, p. 80). created HEILPRIN with the fossil Siphocypraea was as a subgenus by (1886, p. 86), as The Cypraea problematica Heilprin a monotype (Plate Ie-f). genus Siphocypraea contains sixteen extinct species (SCHILDER 1941, p. 82), S.mus being the only living representative. Therefore S. mus is sometimes, incorrectly, cited as genotype & COTTON (STEADMAN 1946, p. 512; ALLAN 1956, p. 29). INGRAM VREDENBURG (1920, p. 96) and (1947a, p. 15) restricted Siphocypraea to " S. Both authors and in the only one species: problematica. put mus allied species VREDENBURG it in the genus Cypraea; (p. 95) placed subgenus or section Bernaya (misspelled Bernayia). GRIFFITHS used the for all the (1962, p. 35) only genus Cypraea species, as a large number of is too for KAY did want genera complicated generaluse. (1960, p. 278) not to but in the anatomical use any generic or subgeneric name, Cypraea, Cypraeinae, on grounds. She analyzed about fifty species and showed that they exhibit little ana- 54 tomical differentiation, except in the radular teeth and the female genitalia. These differences crossed the generic names of the existing systems of Cypraeinae. SCHIL- had stated that the anatomical characters confirm DER (1936, p. 75), however, the conchological classification. GARDNER (1948, p. 213) erected a new section, Akleistostoma, in the subgenus of the She carolinensis Cypraeorbis genus Cypraea. designatedCypraea Conrad, from the and Upper Miocene of the Carolinas Florida (Plate Ic-d), as a type species. Miss GARDNER presumedthat Cypraea mus also belongedin Akleistostoma; she considered the be different from Akleistostoma. genus Siphocypraea to WOODRING stated that differed (1957, p. 88) Cypraea (Siphocypraea) problematica from all other Cypraea species, as the aperture has an astonishing posterior outlet which forms the concealed a deep comma-shaped channel, partly encircling apex I (Plate e-f). Hence, Siphocypraea is considered to be a monotypical subgenus. For Cypraea mus and allied (extinct) species, WOODRING created a new subgenus: Muracypraea, with Cypraea (Muracypraea) mus as subgenotype. KEEN (1962, p. 161) did not but Miss was surprised that SCHILDER adopt WOODRING'S new name, while KEEN'S in the SCHILDER'S paper was press (December 1961) explanation was published. SCHILDER (1961, p. 146) did not recognize Akleistostoma, for phylo- genetical reasons: Akleistostoma carolinensis is an ancestor of Siphocypraea proble- to matica, so both should belong one genus, Siphocypraea, and Akleistostoma is not valid. Years SCHILDER had that TS. ago (1926, p. 367) stated problematica is an abnormal descendant of S. carolinensis. SCHILDER that (1961, p. 146) thought Muracypraea could be considered a subgenus of Siphocypraea, or should be discarded. He thought that the descent of fS. problematica from S. carolinensis is "zweifellos" (= without doubt), but there is no definite proof of it. In our opinion S. mus and S. related each other than S. carolinensis is carolinensis are more closely to to S. also at time. problematica. and this was SCHILDER'S idea one SCHILDER (1927, p. 99) the into two of S. split subgenus Siphocypraea groups, one group consisting only problematica,the other group of more species, includingS. mus and S.J carolinensis. In earlier SCHILDER stated that carolinensis an paper (1924, p. 195) even was an ancestor of mus! S. problematica differs from the other Siphocypraea species in shape, length, aperture, dentition and posterior outlet (cf. Plate I). As regards the shape, problematica has a convex ventral side, while the other species are flat. The maximum sizes of specimens of these three species in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History are: S. mus - 56 mm, S. carolinensis - 58 mm, S. proble- matica - 91 mm. We suggest that S. problematica should be separated from the other species in a monotypical subgenus: Siphocypraea s.str. For the other species the subgenus Akleistostoma Gardner 1948 is available, with carolinensis S. (A.) as subgenotype. Muracypraea Woodring 1957 becomes a synonym of Akleistostoma.