FFI RAPPORT RADIKAL ISLAMISME I PAKISTAN OG KASHMIR - fra lokal til global jihad? BOKHARI Laila FFI/RAPPORT-2004/01583 FFI-1/885/911 Godkjent Kjeller 10.01.2005 Jan Erik Torp Avdelingssjef RADIKAL ISLAMISME I PAKISTAN OG KASHMIR - fra lokal til global jihad? BOKHARI Laila FFI/RAPPORT-2004/01583 FORSVARETS FORSKNINGSINSTITUTT Norwegian Defence Research Establishment Postboks 25, 2027 Kjeller, Norge 3 FORSVARETS FORSKNINGSINSTITUTT (FFI) UNCLASSIFIED Norwegian Defence Research Establishment _______________________________ P O BOX 25 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE NO-2027 KJELLER, NORWAY (when data entered) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1) PUBL/REPORT NUMBER 2) SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 3) NUMBER OF FFI/RAPPORT-2004/01583 UNCLASSIFIED PAGES 1a) PROJECT REFERENCE 2a) DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 92 FFI-I/885/911 - 4) TITLE RADIKAL ISLAMISME I PAKISTAN OG KASHMIR - fra lokal til global jihad? RADICAL ISLAMISM IN PAKISTAN AND KASHMIR – from a local to a global jihad? 5) NAMES OF AUTHOR(S) IN FULL (surname first) BOKHARI Laila 6) DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited. (Offentlig tilgjengelig) 7) INDEXING TERMS IN NORWEGIAN: IN ENGLISH: a) Terrorism a) Terrorisme b) Islamism b) Islamisme c) Security Policy c) Sikkerhetspolitikk d) Conflict d) Konflikt e) Islam e) Islam THESAURUS REFERENCE: 8) ABSTRACT This study surveys the different radical Islamic groups operating in the Pakistani/Kashmiri geographical context. It aims at providing an overview of the groups themselves and the historical and political context in which they have come into being. By looking at the historical and political climate in which these groups have developed the study looks at the groups and their infrastructure, and questions to what degree the groups have moved from a local to a more global agenda. The Kashmiri conflict offers a case study in which there seem to be clear indications that foreign (both Pakistani and global jihadists) involvement has changed the focus away from the initial independence struggle. In the Pakistani context, the study looks at the various shia- and sunni sectarian groups, as well as the radical Islamic groups that have come to be more active in the recent few years. A more extreme climate can be seen arguably due to two factors: Firstly the international influence of foreign fighters due to Pakistan in many ways being the back-yard to the Afghani Jihad and the resulting influence on the country. Secondly, a historically lenient attitude of different Pakistani governments has meant that a number of radical Islamist groups have flourished. The influence of foreign elements on these groups can be seen with regards to membership, weapons, tactics and ideology. A main argument of the study is therefore that the groups have become more global, but it is the local, political context and climate that has made this shift possible. 9) DATE AUTHORIZED BY POSITION This page only 12.05.2005 Jan Erik Torp Director ISBN 82-464-0935-2 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (when data entered) FFI-B-22-1982 5 INNHOLD 1 INTRODUKSJON.................................................................................. 7 1.1 Problemstillinger.................................................................................... 8 1.2 Kildebruk ............................................................................................. 11 2 PAKISTAN OG ISLAM ........................................................................ 11 2.1 Islam og Islamisme i Pakistan ............................................................. 13 2.1.1 Zia-islamisering ................................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Inspirasjon fra den islamske revolusjonen i Iran.................................. 15 2.1.3 Inspirasjon fra Afghanistan.................................................................. 16 3 KASHMIR OG RADIKAL ISLAMISME................................................. 18 3.1 Kashmir i historisk perspektiv.............................................................. 18 3.2 Kashmir i religiøst perspektiv .............................................................. 20 3.3 Talibanisering av Kashmir?................................................................. 21 4 PAKISTAN OG RADIKAL ISLAMISME ............................................... 25 4.1 Radikaliseringen av religiøse politiske partier ..................................... 25 4.2 Religiøs-politiske allianser................................................................... 26 4.3 Talibaniseringen av Pakistan .............................................................. 28 4.4 Pakistanske radikale grupper og internasjonale kontakter .................. 29 4.5 En profil av radikale islamister – hvem er de?..................................... 34 5 EN OVERSIKT OVER RADIKALE ISLAMISTISKE GRUPPER .......... 36 5.1 Introduksjon......................................................................................... 36 5.2 Pakistanske og transnasjonale radikale islamistiske grupper.............. 37 5.3 PAKISTANSKE ISLAMISTISKE GRUPPER ....................................... 38 5.3.1 Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan.................................................................... 38 5.3.2 Tehreek-e-Jafria Pakistan ................................................................... 41 5.3.3 Tehreek-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi........................................... 43 5.3.4 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi............................................................................... 45 5.3.5 Sipah-e-Mohammed............................................................................ 50 5.3.6 Lashkar-e-Omar .................................................................................. 51 5.3.7 Tilknytning, forhold til andre grupper og utbrytergrupper..................... 52 5.4 TRANSNASJONALE GRUPPER (OPERASJONSOMRÅDE KASHMIR)........................................................................................... 52 5.4.1 Lashkar-e-Tayyiba .............................................................................. 52 5.4.2 Harakat-ul-Jihad-i-Islami, Harakat ul-Mujahideen, Harakat ul- Ansar og Jamiat-ul-Ansar .................................................................................. 56 5.4.3 Jaish-e-Mohammed............................................................................. 60 6 5.4.4 Hizbul Mujahideen............................................................................... 63 5.5 Radikale islamistiske grupper i utvikling.............................................. 65 6 GLOBALE FORBINDELSER............................................................... 66 6.1 Støttenettverk utenfor regionen........................................................... 66 6.2 Betydningen av treningsleire og madrasaer........................................ 67 6.3 Aksjoner med internasjonalt omfang ................................................... 69 6.3.1 Aksjoner mot utenlandske mål i Pakistan eller Kashmir...................... 69 6.3.2 Aksjoner internasjonalt........................................................................ 71 6.4 Globale forbindelser utenfor det sørasiatiske subkontinent................. 72 6.4.1 Storbritannia........................................................................................ 72 6.4.2 Italia .................................................................................................... 73 6.4.3 Virginia, USA....................................................................................... 73 6.4.4 Australia .............................................................................................. 74 6.4.5 Irak – det nye Afghanistan?................................................................. 76 6.4.6 Israel ................................................................................................... 77 6.5 Al-Qaida-arrestasjoner i Pakistan........................................................ 78 7 AVSLUTTENDE BETRAKTNINGER................................................... 80 7.1 Fra konservativ islam til radikal islamisme .......................................... 80 7.2 Fra lokal til global jihad........................................................................ 82 8 BIBLIOGRAFI...................................................................................... 85 A KART SØR ASIA................................................................................. 90 B KART PAKISTAN................................................................................ 91 C KART KASHMIR ................................................................................. 92 7 RADIKAL ISLAMISME I PAKISTAN OG KASHMIR - fra lokal til global jihad? 1 INTRODUKSJON1 At one time Pakistan had become a shelter for a hodge-podge of foreign militant groups mixed with our own religious and sectarian extremism (…) Now we are acting against them, very actively. Previously nobody had the courage to do that (…) We are eliminating masterminds.2 President Musharraf, Rawalpindi, 4.august 2004 If Musharraf stands for enlightened moderation in a fight for his life and for the life of his country, the United States should be willing to make hard choices too, and make the difficult long-term commitment to the future of Pakistan. Sustaining the current scale of aid to Pakistan, the United States should support Pakistan’s government in its struggle against extremists with a comprehensive effort that extends from military aid to support for better education,