VILNIUS UNIVERSITY RASA BARANAUSKIENĖ CELTIC AND SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL CONTACTS DURING THE VIKING AGE Doctoral dissertation Humanities, Philology (04 H) Vilnius, 2012 The research was carried out at Vilnius University in 2004–2012 Research supervisor: Prof. Dr. Habil. Jurij K. Kusmenko (The Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Institute for Linguistic Studies, Saint. Petersburg, Russia, Humanities, Philology – 04 H) VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS RASA BARANAUSKIENĖ KELTŲ IR SKANDINAVŲ KALBŲ IR KULTŪRINIAI KONTAKTAI VIKINGŲ LAIKOTARPIU Daktaro disertacija Humanitariniai mokslai, filologija (04 H) Vilnius, 2012 Disertacija rengta Vilniaus universitete 2004–2012 metais Mokslinis vadovas: Prof. Habil. Dr. Jurij. K. Kusmenko (Berlyno Humboltų universitetas, Vokietija; St. Peterburgo kalbotyros institutas, Rusija, humanitariniai mokslai, filologija – 04 H) Table of Contents 1. Celtic and Scandinavian Language and Cultural Contacts during the Viking Age.............................................................................................................. 8 1.1 The focus of the dissertation........................................................................................... 8 1.2 The object of the dissertation ......................................................................................... 9 1.3 Research aims ............................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Research material ......................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Methodological principles and theory applied ............................................................. 12 1.6 Previous research .......................................................................................................... 13 1.7 The novelty of the dissertation ..................................................................................... 14 1.8 Theses ............................................................................................................................ 16 1.9 The structure of the dissertation .................................................................................. 16 2. History of Contacts ................................................................................. 18 2.1 Í vestrvegum - Vikings in the territories of the Celts ..................................................... 18 2.2 The evolutionary character of contacts in the west ..................................................... 19 2.3 The Viking settlement in Ireland ................................................................................... 21 2.4 The Viking struggle for hegemony in Dublin ................................................................. 23 2.5 The expulsion of the Vikings ......................................................................................... 24 2.6 The Return of the Vikings .............................................................................................. 24 2.7 Brian Boru and the Battle of Clontarf............................................................................ 26 2.8 Dynastic and racial intermarriages ................................................................................ 28 2.8.1 The provenance of names ...................................................................................... 30 2.9 Bilingualism and language contacts .............................................................................. 32 2.10 Contacts in Shetland and Orkney ................................................................................ 38 2.11 Contacts in the Isle of Man ......................................................................................... 40 2.12 Summing up and conclusions of this chapter ............................................................. 42 3. Scandinavian rune-stones in the Isle of Man ........................................... 43 3.1 Establishing the corpus ................................................................................................. 44 3.2 Design (lay-out) of runic inscriptions ............................................................................ 45 3.2.1 Lay-out of the Norwegian Viking Age rune-stones ................................................ 49 3.2.2 Summing up and conclusions of this chapter ........................................................ 55 5 3.3 Ogam stones .................................................................................................................. 56 3.3.1 Runes as prototype of Ogam .................................................................................. 58 3.3.2 Similarities of rune-stones and Ogam stones ........................................................ 59 3.3.3 Summing up and conclusions of this section ......................................................... 67 3.4 Bilingual Ogam and Rune Inscriptions .......................................................................... 67 3.4.1 Summing up and conclusions of this chapter ........................................................ 83 3.5 The runic characters found in Manx runic corpus ........................................................ 84 3.5.1 Summing up and conclusions of this section ......................................................... 90 3.6 Christianity and reflection of Christian ideas on the rune stones of the Isle of Man ... 91 3.6.1 Priest as a rune-carver ........................................................................................... 94 3.6.2 Commemoration of three Celtic Saints by the priest on Maughold II ................... 97 krisþ malaki okbaþrik aþanman ...................................................................................... 97 3.6.3 Summing up and conclusions of this section ...................................................... 104 3.7 The difference of formula in the Manx corpus ........................................................... 105 3.7.1 Summing up and conclusions of this section ....................................................... 116 3.8 Rune-stones in the Isle of Man: the commemoration of women ............................... 116 3.8.1 Summing up and conclusions of this section ....................................................... 125 3.9 Celtic and Scandinavian names in the inscriptions: proportion and features ........... 126 3.9.1 Celtic names ......................................................................................................... 126 3.9.2 Scandinavian names ............................................................................................. 132 3.9.3 Summing up and conclusions of this section ....................................................... 137 3.10 Morphology ............................................................................................................... 137 3.11 Syntax ........................................................................................................................ 142 3.12 Summing up and conclusions of this chapter ........................................................... 144 4. Hildinavisen as a reflection of Celtic and Scandinavian contacts in the Shetlands ................................................................................................. 145 4.1 Celtic and Scandinavian literary contacts ................................................................... 145 4.1.1 General influence ................................................................................................. 146 4.1.2 Single motifs ......................................................................................................... 146 4.1.3 Literary contacts in the Orkney ............................................................................ 149 4.2 Language of the settlers .............................................................................................. 151 4.3 The sources in Norn .................................................................................................... 151 4.4 The Norn ballad ........................................................................................................... 152 4.5 The language of Hildinavisen ...................................................................................... 154 6 4.6 The sources of the Scandinavian material .................................................................. 157 4.7 Features and classification of Scandinavian ballads ................................................... 158 4.8 Celtic influence ............................................................................................................ 162 4.9 Celtic motifs in Hildinavisen ........................................................................................ 164 4.9.1 Hurling of the Head .............................................................................................. 165 4.9.2 Resemblances between Hildinavisen and Branwen Uerch Lyr ........................... 178 4.9.3 “King and Goddess” theme in Hildinavisen .......................................................... 184 4.10 Summing upp and conclusions of this chapter ......................................................... 191 APPENDIX I ............................................................................................... 193 APPENDIX II .............................................................................................. 198 5. Conclusions .........................................................................................