South Tawton South Tawton Conservation Area Character Appraisal Conservation Area ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter AppraisalAppraisal Dartmoor National Park Authority January 2011 Conservation Areas were introduced through the Civic Amenities Act 1967. Section 69 (1) (a) of the Act gives the definition of a Conservation Area as: ‘an area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance’ There are now over 9,000 Conservation Areas nation-wide. Local Planning Authorities are required to designate Conservation Areas, keep them under review, and if appropriate, designate further areas (Section 69 (2)). There are currently 23 Conservation Areas within Dartmoor National Park. Designation brings certain duties to local planning authorities: ◆ to formulate and publish from time to time proposals for the preservation and enhancement of Conservation Areas and submit them for consideration to a public meeting in the area to which they relate (Section 71) ◆ in exercising their planning powers, to pay special attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of the Conservation Areas (Section 72). Conservation Area Character Appraisals aim to define and analyse the special interest which constitutes the character and appearance of a place. It is these qualities which warrant the designation of a Conservation Area. An appraisal will provide a sound basis, defensible on appeal, for policies within the Local Development Framework and Development Management decisions. It can also form the groundwork for a subsequent Conservation Area Management Plan, which will contain defined issues, proposals and policies for the conservation and enhancement of the area. It is also intended that the document will be helpful to those involved in drawing up Enhancement Projects and Village Design Statements within the National Park area. The main function of the Conservation Area Character Appraisal is to enable Dartmoor National Park Authority and the community to relate planning proposals to the Conservation Area. Defining the character of an area is not a straightforward exercise and it is not always possible to reach a truly objective view. The statement of character and appearance in this appraisal is based on various detailed methods of analysis recommended by English Heritage. A range of qualities are looked at including: historical development, building materials, and relationships between buildings and open spaces. However, character appraisals are not intended to be fully comprehensive and any omission does not imply that something is of no interest. This Character Appraisal has benefited from several public consultations which have taken place through the Parish Council. 2 South Tawton Conservation Area Character Appraisal Dartmoor National Park Authority January 2011 Contents Contents Introduction. 5 1 Village History . 5 2 Settlement Plan. 7 3 Building Types, Materials and Styles . 14 4 Key Buildings . 20 5 Local Details and Street Furniture . 26 6 Spaces and Views. 32 7 Modern Development. 37 8 Archaeological Potential . 38 9 Trees . 39 Appendix A: Tree Survey . 41 Maps Map 1 Conservation Area Location . 4 Map 2 Tithe Map 1847 . 9 Map 3 First Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1887 . 10 Map 4 Second Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1905 . 11 Map 5 Ordnance Survey Map c.1954 . 12 Map 6 Conservation Area: South Tawton Settlement . 13 Map 7 Conservation Area: Historic Quality and Integrity . 19 Map 8 Conservation Area: Spaces and Views . 36 Map 9 Conservation Area:Trees and Boundary . 40 3 South Tawton Conservation Area Character Appraisal Dartmoor National Park Authority January 2011 Map 1 Conservation Area Location Introduction Introduction South Tawton Conservation Area Boundary 0km0.2 0 mile 0.12 © Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Dartmoor National Park Authority. 100024842 2011. 4 South Tawton Conservation Area Character Appraisal Dartmoor National Park Authority January 2011 Introduction South Tawton is a small village on the northern fringe of Dartmoor where Cawsand Beacon dominates the edge of the high moorland mass. Here, too, the River Taw flows north from the moor, passing through Sticklepath where it is bridged by the old Exeter to Okehampton road that runs east to west skirting this side of the moor. South Tawton is about half a mile further downstream, but a narrow ridge running northwards flanks the river’s east bank and separates the village from its valley. The village, therefore, occupies the valley of a tributary stream, sharing this location with its other close neighbour, South Zeal, which lies about half a mile south and is also set in a farming landscape. A Conservation Area was first designated in South Tawton in April 1973 and was extended to the east of Fore Street in August 1990 to include all of Church Ways and part of Vicarage Lane. Based on the findings of this Character Appraisal an Village History Introduction/1. additional area was considered appropriate for inclusion and was designated in October 2010. This was the 19th century extension to the churchyard together with part of the green lane to its south. Two minor amendments were also made to exclude The Barn on the north side and to the south-east the gardens of 1 and 2 Glebe Court. 1. Village History South Tawton lies at the heart of one of the largest parishes in Devon, covering about 11,000 acres in all, with the vastness of Cawsand Beacon occupying most of its southern half. Here, the remains of Bronze Age settlement are much in evidence, particularly on the Beacon’s southern slopes and on those facing east around South Tawton Common where numerous hut circles and other stone relics survive. When the Domesday Book was compiled in 1086, the manor of South Tawton was recorded as being one of the wealthiest – and most extensive – in Devon. Having land for some fifty ploughs and being grazed by nearly five hundred livestock (mostly sheep), its agricultural landscape had clearly been well-developed during Saxon times, laying the foundation for a prosperous farming economy in centuries to come. In the reign of Edward the Confessor, the manor was, in fact, held by Gytha, the mother of Harold, Earl of Wessex, who later became King. Historically, South Tawton’s development is typical of Devon’s small agricultural settlements, with a cluster of buildings comprising the parish church with its associated church house, a vicarage, a range of modest cottages and between four and six farmsteads; one of which was the Manor House (now Blackhall Court and The Cottage). However, its location half a mile distant from the main highway around the north of the moor was enough, it seems, to repress its expansion; not simply because it was off the well beaten track, but more significantly because in about the year 1260 a location astride the highway was chosen to develop a new settlement in the parish – at South Zeal. The hope was this new town would thrive as a focus for trade, and in 1299 Robert de Tony, the then Lord of the Manor, obtained a charter to hold a market and fairs within the newly created borough. But while it failed in its purpose to develop into a successful urban centre (which is why its original burgage plot layout is so well preserved), families of means were nevertheless attracted to take up residence there. Working families, too, were drawn by the opportunities created by the settlement’s role as a local centre – which included South Tawton in its hinterland. 5 South Tawton Conservation Area Character Appraisal Dartmoor National Park Authority January 2011 Although not the commercial centre of the parish, South Tawton continued to be its religious focus, with St Andrew’s Church, and the Church House, at its heart. The quality of their construction, and the richness of the many chest tombs and head stones in the churchyard, attest to the wealth of several local families. Their income was probably derived mostly from the wool and tin trades, and enabled them to build substantial residences throughout the 1. Village History 1. Village History parish, including Wickington, North Wyke, Oxenham, Powesland and Sessland, as well as in South Zeal and South Tawton itself. However, by the time the tithe map was drawn in 1840 small cottages dominated South Tawton’s housing stock, with as many as a dozen created from the conversion of former farmhouses. Only Blackhall and Town Barton Farms had agricultural buildings still in use, but even the latter farmhouse is shown divided into two. The land-owning gentry, it seems, had moved out of the village, leaving it largely populated by working families. Some followed a traditional trade, such as shoemaker or smith, but most found employment on nearby farms or at the South Tawton limestone quarry situated on the village’s doorstep to the north. The proximity of the quarry may well have played a significant role in bringing about this change in the village’s social structure. Certainly it created a demand for modest houses for the families of those who worked there, but possibly also, its less-than-neighbourly industrial activities and processes (including blasting, crushing and burning) could well have encouraged those who could afford to do so to move further afield. While the working of this isolated limestone outcrop had provided employment since at least the middle of the 16th century, the output of lime (for use on the land) probably reached its peak in the early years of the 19th century – around the time the wool industry fell into decline. A number of limekilns are recorded as operating in 1798 and, as the tithe map suggests, by 1840 the quarry company itself appears to have built workers’ cottages next to the quarry’ s entrance (at Slew Hill). Production declined during the remaining years of the 19th century and ceased altogether in 1904.