JUNE 16, 1900. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 1276. 20459 the cave which contain natural imitations of the ters the nearest relatives of the defunct prince assumed did not regard themselves as members of a single com­ badges of other secret organizations. We are now the government. munity but each clan formed a community apart wall,ing along the path known as the Turtle Pass, on The population of each barangay was generally di­ which only united externally with the other clans or account of a block of stone beside it which has be.en vided into seven castes, viz., the family of the datto; the barangays. worn into the shape of a great sea turtle with head free men, or petty nobility; the freedmen, the vassals The Spanish government started from the principle erect, and we soon arrive at the cross roads, the point and clients of the dattos, the serfs, the demi-slaves. and that the barangay was a fiscal unit, and decreed that from which the routes leading to several parts of the the complete slaves.* The Spanish dominion promptly each barangay should consist of not more than from 50 great cave diverge. Our objective point is the Fair put an eud to all these distinctions. The numerous to 100 families paying the· tribute. Thus the'develop­ Grounds and we keep on to the left, passing through small colonial states were first suppressed partly to ment of the villages or pueblos increased the number Sumner Avenue and Dewey's Palace to the Kimbal facilitate administration and destroy the power of· the of barangays each of which was placed, naturally, Music Hall, where we halt to give the guide opportu­ dattos, and partly in order to assist the religious con­ under a cabeza d� barangay. The dignity of this nity to prove to us the musical properties of several quest, as the Spaniards called it., whose proselyting chief was no longer hereditary in the new barangays nor plates of rock in the side of the room by striking them efforts were hampered by the lack of priests. Conse­ did it any longer pertain to the families of dattos, but so as to produce some of the tones of the scale. De­ quently the inhabitants of several barangays were com­ any rich man whose ancestor had, perhaps, been a slave scending through Whitney Avenue we find ourselves pelled to unite into one common village or pueblo, at the time of the conquest, might acquire it. As the in Monte Cristo's Palace, said to be 450 feet below the but the members of the different barangays soon gath­ new cabeza shared with the old the privileges of ex­ mouth of the cave, a beautiful room the walls of ered themselves together in the new community so emption from the tribute of having the title .. don," which glisten as if coated with gems, so bright are there­ that this became divided into quarters which took the etc., and as these privileges were transmitted to the fiections from the facets of numberless crystals. Climb­ old name of barangays, But through the able meas­ eldest son, a new nobility of functionaries thus came ing on down to the eighth tier or level we traverse in ures of the Spanish government, the memory of a com­ into being which was at first inferior to the old in succession the Assem6ly Room, t he Tennis Court and mon origin and of political independence gradually consideration but which soon became confounded the Marble Quarries before we reach Johnstone's Camp died out among the members of the barangays. In with it exactly as happened to the patricians and no­ Ground, which is the room the mind·reader Johnstone order not to render the dattos hostile to the new state bility in Rome at the time of the Gracchi. The old used as his headquarters during the three days and of things, their original dignity was left them with the and the new nobility became merged because the nights which he spent in the cavern while hunting Hispano-Filipino title of cabeza de barangay, or baran­ families of the ex-dattos and the new nobility had bl indfolded through its winding passage ways for a gay chief, although their influence in the new pueblo the same interests, especially in the election of m unici­ pin, a search which was finally successful. After see­ was already considerably lessened by mutual rivalries. pal functionaries. The members of this nobility inll: the pal'lol', we squeeze through the narrow portal But their previous rights were reduce:! to a minimum, were called principales by the Spaniards. In 1570 the called the Ticket Office and reach the " Fair Grounds" all executive power was taken from them in exchange Spaniards introduced the first direct or poll tax in for which they were charged with collecting t.he per­ Mindanao and soon after extended it to the entire which is a comparatively barren room said, with its ' branches, to cover an area of not less than three acres. sonal tax or tribute of the Spaniards, for which they archipelago. This poll tax was called tl ibuto by the This if the end of our route and we turn back in regret., were held responsible although they were themselves Spaniards aud amounted to 8 silver reals (about 88 traversing once more the rooms through whicb we have exempt. Thus the interests of th� Spanish government cents) per couple of individuals, i. e. for a man and come and arriving again at the entrance after three and of the ex-dattos coincided. Besides, in order to ac­ wife, each individual being therefore taxed 4 reals (or 44 hours of delightful existence in the cool, pure, bracing custom them better to their new situat.ion, a number of cents). The former was called the tributo entero atmosphere of the cavern which has enabled us to honorary distinctions were accorded them, among or whole tax and is what is usually meant in Spanish walk several miles and take much unusual exercise others the title of don. The dignity ofcabeza de baran­ works when the term tributo is used. Children under without fatigue. One member of our party was a gay was hereditary or elective, according as the corre­ sixteen and adults over sixty were exempt from this farmer seventy-eIght years old who had come from his sponding barangay had followed one or the other custom tax. The formation of new regiments in 1590 compelled home near St. Joseph, Mo., for the purpose of making in old times, for it wa s the Spanish policy to leave the the Governor-General of the time to raise the tributo to the tour of the region about the Hot Springs. national organization intact as far as possible. At the 10 reals, which was payable in kind, rice, wax, gold According to Mr. Stabler's observations the uniform head of each of the new comwunities wasplaced a chief dust, etc. To this must be added 1 real as a land tax temperature of the atmosphere of the cave is 45° F., or mayor with the title of gobernadorcillo or capitan, or dues to the church which was called the sauctoru(IJ, winter and summer, a value which accords very closely who was chosen for a certain period by the cabezas de and a municipal tax called the caja de comunidad. with the mean annual temperature of the region. The barangay and, naturally, from among their own num- The total tax for a couple in modern times is 15 peseTas cave seems to be harren of life, and there is practically (about $3.00) of which a portion are the municipal and no water for its support. :sanctorum taxes, the real tribute being only the re­ mainder after deducting those, but when the term ·tributo entero is used it includes the total without dis­ CATTLEYA X MAGGIE RAPHAEL (DOWIANA tinction. The Chinese and- their half bloods pay a AUREA�, LAB lATA TRIANJEId). higher tax than the natives; the whites and their de­ scendants generally pay no tributo, nor do soldiers who 'I'HERE is a special interest about this fine hybrid, have served a certain number of years, nor natives which we here illustrate, raised by H. S. Leon, Esq.. who have rendered distinguished services in improve­ Blethley Park, Bletchley, and shown at the Royal ments in agriculture and industry nor the descendants Horticultural Society. As it is not only a very fine and of tJ1e Christian princes of Cebu. [Nor the cabezas de distinct hybrid, but it also serves to check an error in barangay. See above.] 'I'he cuja de comunidad pays X a previous record, viz., Cattleya Massiliensis. which the school expemes, the salaries of the teachers, the was said to be of the salDe parentage as the one now vaccinators, jailers and clerks and also pays for keep­ under notice, though the matter was always considered in the public buildings in repair. The food of the 011 � more than doubtful account 'of its exhibiting so prIsoners in the jails is also paid for out of this tax. little trace either of the vellow color or the form of C. The sanctorum is the salary of the cure who receives X Dowiana aurea. C. Maggie Raphael has the yellow 180 pesos (about $180) for every 500 couples who pay color of C. Dowiana aurea, with the addition of a the whole tax in his parish. a circumstance which bronzy-rose tint toward the edges of the petals, and a makes the all-powerful influence of the clergy serve the number of purple spots along the veining Oil each side interest of the royal treasury.