ment? What is the effect of above- atmosphere of his home, his relation discussion, inquiry, and activity average wealth? Is physical hard- to the community, the type of com- throughout the country. Such com- ship, or over-protection, a 1 w a y s munity he finds himself in. All these mittees have been at work for some harmful? If not, at what point do aspects of the problem must be under- time in every State and Territory, and they become harmful? How much of stood before we can plan for healthy an Advisory Council on State and what appears to be the effect of pov- personality development. The fact- Local Action is an integral part of the erty or wealth is actually due to com- finding staff has the job of bringing Conference structure. munity attitudes? together as much of this information In addition, several hundred na- The questions that must be put to as possible so that we may see where tional organizations devoted to the the social-psychologist are endless. we stand. interests and welfare of children are What effect have national, or local, setting up discussion groups, evaluat- standards of excellence on character Planning for Action ing their programs in the light of the development? How do these stand- Conference theme, and initiating ards differ among the various geo- When all the facts are in, the most projects and studies closely related to graphic, ethnic, and economic groups important thing brought tc light will it. Young people are at work on all that make up our Nation? How do probably be the gaps-the unanswered aspects of Conference activity and are prejudice, discrimination, and segre- questions-that will show us where coordinating their interests and con- gation affect the children toward further study should be made. But tributions through an Advisory Coun- whom they are directed? How do there will also be information on im- cil on Youth Participation. There are these attitudes affect the children proved procedures that could be put also 37 Federal offices that are making who hold them? into practice at once. To direct such studies and generally contributing There are relatively few branches research or organize such practice is their resources of technical skills and of study that may not have something beyond the power of any one commit- experience to the Conference activi- to contribute to this problem. The tee or organization. What is needed ties. family is basic and strategic. Re- is a Nation-wide, cooperative effort When the Conference meets in De- ligion and the church have their vital involving many groups and countless cember the findings of all these groups role to play. The schools, which are individuals. It is expected that the will be brought together. In the light usually the child’s first contact with Conference will stimulate this type of all the information before them, the larger community, are obviously of work, which will be carried on by the several thousand participants will important. But there are also the local organizations throughout t h e formulate principles, draw up recom- courts, social services, health services, whole decade of the 1950’s. mendations, and suggest lines of post- recreation groups and clubs, and em- At the request of President Truman, Conference action. And it is hoped ployment services. the Governors of all States and Ter- that these same groups will carry The factors that contribute to a ritories have appointed White House the recommendations back to their child’s personality undoubtedly lie in Conference committees. These local areas and assist in putting them his physical condition, the personal groups, in turn, are stimulating local into practice. Arms went up 4.2 percent, and the number of employees increased 2.1 Notes and Brief Reports percent. Size of Firms Covered by For the pay period ending nearest The postwar shift in the composi- Old-Age and Survivors the middle of March 1948, about 2.6 tion of American industry toward million employing organizations * re- firms of smaller size is illustrated by Insurance, 1945-48 ported the employment of an esti- the marked increase-580,000, or 30 The majority of the workers cov- mated .35.8 million workers in jobs percent-from 1945 to 1948 in the ered by old-age and survivors insur- covered by old-age and survivors in- number of firms with .fewer than 50 ance are employed by large Arms of surance (table 1). As compared with employees. For firms of all sizes the 100 or more employees. Prom 1945 the number for the 1945 mid-March increase amounted to 589,000. to 1948,’ however, there was a shift Pay period, the number of firms had Firms with 8-19 employees ex- toward firms of smaller size, together increased by about 29 percent.3 The perienced the greatest percentage in- with a slight decline in the relative number of employees had increased by crease in number of firms-39 importance of the larger Arms as 3,002,000, or 9.2 percent. In the 1 percent-although firms with l-3 em- measured by the number of employees Year from 1947 to 1948 the number of ployees had the greatest numerical and average wages paid. During this increase-314,000. 2 The terms “employing organieation,” Because these data 4 on size of con- period the number of employing or- “employer,” “firm,” and “concern,” are ganizations increased at a faster rate used interchangeably in this discussion: cerns reflect the number of persons than the number of covered em- they refer to the legal entity flling the ployees. tax report. 4Data like those in table 1, claasifled a Excludes employers with covered by industry, State, and county of the workers at some time during the flrst employing organization, are tabulated by l All data in this discussion pertain to calendar quarter but with no employees the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors In- the Arst quarter of the year. in the pay period nearest March 16. surance. 16 Social Security working for an entire employing or- Table l.-Estimated number and percentage distribution of employers, wage ganization in the mid-March pay pe- items, pay-period employment, and amount of taxable wages by size of con- riod, there are many instances in cern, first calendar quarter 1945-48 which the reported number of work- [Data based on tabulations of almost 100 percent of the quarterly employer tax reports, adjusted to include employers who reported too late for inclusion in the tabulations; the number of employees in the mid-March ers represents employees in more than pay period estimated for the employing organizations that faded to report such information. Estimates one plant or place of business. A large corrected to Apr. 15, 19501 business organization comprised of several separately incorporated enti- Number of employees in concern 1 ties, however, is represented here as several employers, although it is or- dinarily regarded as a single employer. Number or amount In each of the years 1945-48, better - - than nine-tenths of all employers had Employers (in thou- fewer than 20 employees, but only sands): 1 1945..~--_-----~-_~. 2,OOl.O 23.3 1,174.3 404.0 233.4 100.5 34.0 25. 6 3.2 2.6 0.2 one-fifth to one-fourth of all workers 1946 _._____ -__--___- 2.280.0 29.2 1,288.O 482.1 293.3 115.9 38. 1 27.7 3.1 2.5 0.2 in the mid-March pay period of each 1947 -___ --__--__---- 2,486.7 40.4 1,415.7 519.13 314.8 121.6 39. 6 28.9 3.3 2.8 0.2 1948....~-------~--- 2,590.o 42.4 1,488.5 537.2 325.0 122.3 39. 3 29.0 3.3 2.7 0.2 year were in the employ of these con- Employees (in thou- sands): 1 cerns. By contrast, the approximately 1945...~~~--~-~-~--- 32,803 0 1,949 2,078 2,759 3,018 2,322 5,269 2,233 6,554 6,623 1946..~~~-------~--- 32,483 2,194 2,507 3,496 3,483 2.611 5,581 2,157 6,183 4,270 1.3 percent of the employing organi- 1947..-~~---~---~--- 35,057 : 2,382 2, 650 3.704 3,5Q?l 2,676 5,782 2,269 6,794 5, 201 zations with 100 or more employees 1948..~_-~--_-~~--_~ 35,805 0 2,497 2,739 3,832 3,662 2, 690 5,779 2,281 6,812 5,513 Taxable wages (in accounted for 63 percent of the work- millions): 6 1945-.---__._w_--.. 8; ;;; $23 $793 1,148 L1,408 Pi, ;g ;2,740 il, 242 ;4,043 A, 715 ers in 1945 and 57 percent in 1948. 1946...-_-_._-__-_.. $E 1,010 1,614 1.800 2,992 1, 190 3,570 2,483 Better than 1 in every 3 workers were 1Q47..~------------- 20: 805 ;lt 950 1,193 1,917 2,086 1: 595 3,542 1,437 4,534 3,523 1948...~----~------- 23,080 35 1,059 1,310 2,112 2,289 1,728 3,847 1,587 4,975 4,138 employed in the relatively few firms Wage items (in thou- sands): 6 with 1,000 or more employees. 1945.. ________..__.. 43,033 2,485 2,776 3,827 4,217 3,196 7,124 2,908 8,330 8,071 The postwar readjustments in in- 1946-.-_.-w--_-_-_ 43,579 ifi 2,777 3,349 4,899 5,038 3,685 7,602 2,850 7,903 5, 388 1947..._~---_~-_--- 45,333 156 2, 996 5,144 5,026 3, 644 7,629 2,892 8,289 6,067 dustry brought about a marked de- 1948...~---~--~--~~- 45,534 155 3,165 5,148 5,150 3,649 7,436 2,817 8,098 6,299 cline in the concentration of workers Percentage distribution in the largest firms of 10,000 or more I employees.