NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ANNUAL SURVEY OF AMERICAN LAW VOLUME 74 ISSUE 1 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW ARTHUR T. VANDERBILT HALL Washington Square New York City New York University Annual Survey of American Law is in its seventy-fifth year of publication. L.C. Cat. Card No.: 46-30523 ISSN 0066-4413 All Rights Reserved New York University Annual Survey of American Law is published biannually at 110 West 3rd Street, New York, New York 10012. Subscription price: $30.00 per year (plus $4.00 for foreign mailing). Single issues are available at $16.00 per issue (plus $1.00 for foreign mailing). For regular subscriptions or single issues, contact the Annual Survey editorial office. Back issues may be ordered directly from William S. Hein & Co., Inc., by mail (2350 North Forest Rd., Getzville, NY 14068), phone (800-828-7571), fax (716-883-8100), or email ([email protected]). Back issues are also available in PDF format through HeinOnline (http://hein online.org). 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Editorial Office: 110 West 3rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10012 (212) 998-6540 (212) 995-4032 Fax http://www.annualsurveyofamericanlaw.org For what avail the plough or sail Or land or life, if freedom fail? EMERSON iv NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ANNUAL SURVEY OF AMERICAN LAW 2018–2019 BOARD OF EDITORS Editor-in-Chief KATHRYN MORRIS Managing Editors DANIEL W. BLAZE MICHAEL FREEDMAN MARISSA L. KIBLER DAVID MOOSMANN H. CHASE WEIDNER Development Editors Executive Article Editors Senior Articles Editors BRIAN R. GOTTLIEB EDWIN D. ABUNDIS KATHERINE E. CORIC SAMUEL A. SEHAM ALEX INMAN ISA M. HERRERA MOYA ALLYSON N. KALEITA AMY I. WANN Note Editors MICHAEL D. REBUCK NATALIE GOW AARON C.F. SALERNO JOSEPH M. LEVY SUZANNE D. TRIVETTE KIONE WONG Online Editor Inclusivity Editor KIRSTIE YU JOSHUA M. PIRUTINSKY ALLYSON N. KALEITA Articles Editors CLARA ARAGONE-DIAZ KIMBERLY T. DREXLER IGNATIUS NAM DEVIKA M. BALARAM YIRAN DU NEENA DEB SEN MIKHAIL BATSURA RANDOLL THEODORA FISHER NICOLE H. SNYDER ELLIOTT P. BARRON LILLIAN GRINNELL JACOB L. STANLEY JACOB A. BRALY JOSHUA HABERL KATHERINE T. STEIN ALLISON S. CANDAL SAMUEL F. HIMEL IAN M. SWENSON ROBERT COBBS AVI LAHAM BRETT M. WEINSTEIN CAROLINE DIAZ CHRISTINE J. LEE DARREN D. YANG DYLAN LONERGAN Staff Editors JOSHUA BARKOW SASHA KAWAKAMI CALEB ROCHE YOSEF BARUH KRISTEN LIANG JORDAN ROSMAN LAUREN RACHEL BOBERSKY KATHLEEN M. LEWIS JESSICA RUBIN SAMUEL BOORSTEIN KAREN LUO SANDER SABA MELANIE D. BORKER AARON MATTIS ELIZABETH SAMIOS TIFFANI CHANROO ELIZABETH A. MORGAN JESSICA SANDOR EKATERINA CHERNOVA SIDNEY MOSKOWITZ DANIELA SERNA BERRIO AUDREY CRABTREE-HANNIGAN KELLY NABAGLO JOSEPH SHUI ANNE S. COVENTRY JOEL NAIMAN ELINA SIGAL AMANDA DEMASI YELENA NIAZYAN YIANNI TSESMELIS GABRIEL EISENBERGER TRENTON S. PACER IBOH UMODU JOANNA M. FALEY GABRIELLE N. PACIA ALYSSA WAARAMAA KIMBERLY FAYETTE ERIC S. PADILLA KASI L. WAUTLET HANNAH GOLDBERG JORDANA PALGON SAMANTHA WILHELM DINO ILIEVSKI MEGHAN PATZER KE YANG XIA JONATHAN P. VARDEH JAFFE JUSTIN PEROFF EVAN T. YOO OLIVIA POSS This Volume of New York University Annual Survey of American Law is respectfully dedicated to JUDGE PAULINE NEWMAN JUDGE PAULINE NEWMAN JUDGE PAULINE NEWMAN Pauline Newman was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1984. From 1982 to 1984, Judge Newman was Special Adviser to the United States Delegation to the Diplomatic Conference on the Revision of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. She served on the advisory committee to the Domestic Policy Review of Industrial Innovation from 1978 to 1979 and on the State Department Advisory Committee on International Intel- lectual Property from 1974 to 1984. From 1969 to 1984, Judge New- man served as director, Patent, Trademark and Licensing Department, FMC Corp. From 1961 to 1962 she worked for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as a science policy specialist in the Department of Natural Sciences. She served as patent attorney and house counsel of FMC Corp. from 1954 to 1969 and as research scientist, American Cyanamid Co. from 1951 to 1954. Judge Newman received a B.A. from Vassar College in 1947, an M.A. from Columbia University in 1948, a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1952 and an LL.B. from New York Univer- sity School of Law in 1958. DEDICATEES OF NYU ANNUAL SURVEY OF AMERICAN LAW 1942 Harry Woodburn Chase 1979 David L. Bazelon 1943 Frank H. Sommer 1980 Edward Weinfeld 1944 Manley O. Hudson 1981 William J. Brennan, Jr. 1945 Carl McFarland 1982 Shirley M. Hufstedler 1946 George B. Galloway 1983 Thurgood Marshall Robert M. LaFollette, Jr. 1984 Hans A. Linde A.S. Mike Monroney 1985 J. Skelly Wright 1947 Roscoe Pound 1986 William Wayne Justice 1948 Arthur T. Vanderbilt 1987 Frank M. Johnson, Jr. 1949 Herbert Hoover 1988 Bernard Schwartz 1950 Bernard Baruch 1989 Barbara Jordan 1951 Robert P. Patterson* 1990 Harry A. Blackmun 1952 Phanor J. Ede 1991 Martin Lipton 1953 Edward S. Corwin 1992/93 John Paul Stevens 1954 Arthur Lehman Goodhart 1994 Judith S. Kaye 1955 John Johnston Parker 1995 Hillary Rodham Clinton 1956 Henry T. Heald 1996 Sandra Day O’Connor 1957 Herbert F. Goodrich 1997 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1958 Harold H. Burton 1998 Janet Reno 1959 Charles E. Clark 1999 Alexander L. Boraine 1960 Whitney North Seymour Desmond M. Tutu 1961 Austin Wakeman Scott 2000 George Mitchell 1962 Fred H. Blume 2001 Norman Dorsen 1963 Laurence P. Simpson 2002 Laurence H. Tribe 1964 Edmond Cahn* 2003 John Sexton 1965 Charles S. Desmond 2004 Richard Posner 1966 Tom C. Clark 2005 Antonin Scalia 1967 Francis J. Putnam 2006 Ronald Dworkin 1968/69 Russell D. Niles 2007 Stephen G. Breyer 1969/70 Jack L. Kroner* 2008 Anthony G. Amsterdam 1970/71 Frank Rowe Kenison 2009 Patricia M. Wald 1971/72 Robert A. Leflar 2010 Arthur R. Miller 1972/73 Justine Wise Polier 2011 Cass R. Sunstein 1973/74 Walter J. Derenberg 2012 Derrick Bell* 1974/75 Robert B. McKay 2013 Guido Calabresi 1976 Herbert Peterfreund 2014 Chief Judge Diane P. Wood 1977 Charles D. Breitel 2015 Judge Jack B. Weinstein 1978 Henry J. Friendly 2016 Sonia Sotomayor * In memoriam SUMMARY OF CONTENTS TRIBUTES Introduction by Alison Wall 1 Judge Raymond Chen 3 Professor Rochelle Dreyfuss 7 Rachel Elsby 12 Daniel Klein 15 James A. Worth 18 Acknowledgment by Judge Pauline Newman 20 ARTICLES THE LOST STORY OF NOTICE AND PERSONAL JURISDICTION Robin J. Effron 23 AN ORAL HISTORY OF RULE 23 Interview with Arthur Miller by Samuel Issacharoff 105 NOTES PREDICTIVE POLICING: THE ARGUMENT FOR PUBLIC TRANSPARENCY Erik Bakke 131 END-TO-END AUTHENTICATION: A FIRST AMENDMENT HOOK TO THE ENCRYPTION DEBATE Leonid Grinberg 173 CRAMDOWN INTEREST RATES IN THE COMMERCIAL CREDIT CONTEXT: ARGUMENTS FOR THE TWO-STEP APPROACH IN CHAPTER 11 Matthew Wiener 223 VALUE QUALITY SERVICE VALUE We Complete the Picture. In 1932, Joe Christensen founded a company based on Value, Quality and Service. Joe Christensen, Inc. remains the most experienced Law Review printer in the country. Our printing services bridge the gap between your editorial skills and the production of a high-quality publication. We ease the demands of your assignment by offering you the basis of our business—customer service. Value 1540 Adams Street Lincoln, Nebraska 68521-1819 Quality Phone: 1-800-228-5030 FAX: 402-476-3094 email: [email protected] Service Your Service Specialists TRIBUTE TO JUDGE PAULINE NEWMAN ALISON WALL Thank you, Dean Morrison. On behalf of the entire Annual Survey of American Law, I want to welcome you to our Dedication Ceremony in honor of Judge Pauline Newman of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Each year, the journal dedicates our upcoming volume to a person who has made a significant contribution to the law. A year ago, I sat with my peers as we brainstormed the type of person we wanted to give this honor to. We wanted someone with a passion for the law. Judge New- man’s passion for the law is indisputable. As the first judge ap- pointed directly to the Federal Circuit in 1984, she still has yet to take senior status over 30 years later. She vehemently defends and advocates for the stability of patent laws, the protection of invest- ments and innovation, and the patent community at large. We wanted someone we look to as a role model for the type of lawyer, scholar, or judge we will strive to become. In Judge New- man, we found more than that: we found a trailblazer for not only women’s rights but for her entire field. She has advocated for a specialized court focused in patent litigation; in fact, she served an integral role in the creation of the very court she still sits on today. She continues to serve as a constant resource to younger women judges and as a source of perspective and insight among interna- tional judicial communities. We wanted someone accomplished and brilliant.