Plan Asia Regional Office Asia Child Marriage Initiative: Summary of Research in Bangladesh, India and Nepal 1 Plan / Bernice Wong Plan / Bernice Table of contents Table of contents ...............................................................................................................................................................2 List of acronyms .................................................................................................................................................................4 Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................................................6 Executive summary ...........................................................................................................................................................7 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................11 Asia Child Marriage Initiative (ACMI) ......................................................................................................................12 Status of child marriage in Bangladesh, India and Nepal ...................................................................................12 Bangladesh .....................................................................................................................................................................12 India .................................................................................................................................................................................13 Nepal ...............................................................................................................................................................................13 Plan’s programmes in Bangladesh, India and Nepal: linkages to child marriage .......................................14 Plan Bangladesh ............................................................................................................................................................14 Plan India ........................................................................................................................................................................14 Plan Nepal ......................................................................................................................................................................14 Current study ....................................................................................................................................................................15 Objectives and research questions ............................................................................................................................15 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................16 Limitations ......................................................................................................................................................................16 Discussion of the key findings ....................................................................................................................................17 The causes of child marriage ......................................................................................................................................17 Tradition and the role of the family in child marriage .......................................................................................17 Poverty and child marriage ....................................................................................................................................18 Education and child marriage ................................................................................................................................19 Role of children in child marriage ........................................................................................................................ 20 Engagement in paid work and child marriage .................................................................................................. 21 Context specific factors: demographic shifts ..................................................................................................... 21 Prevention of child marriage ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Perception of girls, boys and parents .................................................................................................................. 22 Perception of community leaders and government officials .......................................................................... 22 Cases of child marriage prevented ...................................................................................................................... 23 Role model girls and parents: cases of positive deviance .................................................................................... 24 2 Child Marriage in Bangladesh, India and Nepal Plan’s Child-Centred Community Development (CCCD) interventions and their effectiveness ................ 25 Plan Bangladesh .......................................................................................................................................................... 25 Plan Nepal .................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Plan India ...................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Successful strategies adopted by Plan .................................................................................................................... 26 Children’s organisations ............................................................................................................................................. 26 Partnering with government and civil society ....................................................................................................... 26 Engaging with community leaders .......................................................................................................................... 26 Raising awareness about child marriage as a violation of child rights ............................................................... 26 Facilitating secondary education .............................................................................................................................. 26 Employing girls in paid work outside the house ................................................................................................... 26 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................................ 29 For programming ........................................................................................................................................................ 29 For policy ....................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Areas for future research ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Links between girls’ engagement in paid work and delaying marriage ........................................................... 34 Factors that support continuation of girls’ education after marriage ................................................................ 34 Self-initiated child marriages ..................................................................................................................................... 34 References ........................................................................................................................................................................ 34 Endnotes ........................................................................................................................................................................... 35 3 List of acronyms ACPR Associates for Community and Population Research ACMI Asia Child Marriage Initiative BIAAG Because I am a Girl BLOP Better Life Options Programme CCCD Child-Centred Community Development CMHP Community Managed Health Programme CBO Community Based Organisation COs Country Offices (Plan) DHS Demographic and Health Survey FGD Focus Group Discussion GEMS Gender Equity Movement in Schools ICDDR,B International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh ICRW International Center for Research on Women KII Key Informant Interview LGI Local Government Institutions NGO Non-Governmental Organization UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund VDC