Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 49 (6), June 2020, pp. 947-953 Isotope hydrochemistry of the lakes in Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica ,a,b a a a c,d,e c G Gopinath* , T R Resmi , M Praveenbabu , M Pragath , P S Sunil & R Rawat aCentre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala – 673 571, India bKerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala – 682 508, India cIndian Institute of Geomagnetism, Plot No. 5, Sector 18, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra – 410 218, India dDepartment of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi – 16, India eCUSAT - NCPOR Centre for Polar Sciences, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala – 682 016, India *[E-mail: [email protected]] Received 18 January 2019; revised 06 June 2019 The study aims to find out the ionic and isotopic compositions of some lakes in the Schirmacher Oasis in east Antarctica. The water samples were collected from 12 lakes near the Indian Antarctic station, Maitri. The chemistry of lake water indicates contribution from glacial melt water and lithology of the area. Evaporation from shallow lakes was also found to be controlling the lake water chemistry. The isotopic concentration of the lake waters also indicated input from the melt water from adjacent glaciers. δD varied between -167.2 ‰ and -250.2 ‰ and δ18O from -18.0 ‰ to -31.2 ‰. It was found that diffusion controlled kinetic effect at the liquid-ice interface for different water isotopologues and evaporative enrichment of heavier isotopes from open water bodies determined the slope of the regression line of the lake water. [Keywords: Ionic composition, Polar lakes, Schirmacher Oases, Stable isotopes] Introduction increases melting. Hence, water in liquid form is The Polar regions, especially Antarctica which found on ice-free ground. Beneath the glaciers and ice contains 90 % of the world’s total ice (70 % of the sheet also liquid water occurs. Lakes and ponds are freshwater ice) has a decisive part in global climatic formed in places where the water in glaciers and ice change1-3. According to Hodgson4, only 0.32 % of the sheets is accumulated4. Kaup5 observed that in Antarctic continent is ice-free and mainly consists of Schirmacher, the radiation processes of the lakes is mountain peaks (nunataks) protruding from the polar decided by many factors mainly by the differences in ice cap. Due to the postglacial retreat of the ice cap the albedo of new and old ice, the amount of and isostatic rebound of the Earth’s crust following suspended matter and secondarily by the differences the most recent deglaciation, 1–2 % of the ice free in areas covered by snow. According to Hodgson4, the region has been exposed which includes the coastal increase of radiation in water is mainly determined by oases. The McMurdo Dry Valleys are the largest oasis the irregularities at the lower surface of the ice. near the Ross Sea and others are situated in eastern Accordingly, the radiation regime determines Antarctica which include the Vestfold Hills, seasonal variations in water temperature. The cooling Larsemann Hills, Bunger Hills, Schirmacher Oasis, and warming effects are determined by the glaciers Syowa Oasis, and on the Antarctic Peninsula at and rocks respectively. Cooling of the lake water by Ablation Point on the east coast of Alexander Island4. the inflowing melt water has the same effect as the Though the Antarctica continent contains more than turbulent heat exchange with atmosphere in summer. 70 % of global freshwater, the availability of liquid Thus the variation in snow and ice cover changes all freshwater is least there compared to other continents. ecological variables and make the polar lakes the However, water bodies containing liquid water for at early detectors of environmental change6. least part of the year is a common feature. This is The chemical concentration and composition of because water accumulates in areas where solar non-marine waters in Antarctica show considerable radiation and advection heat promote melting of ice. variation, indicating different source of solutes7. They Due to this process bare ground is exposed, its albedo can be derived from the glacial melt water and become drops and more radiation is absorbed and further concentrated as a result of freezing or evaporation. The 948 INDIAN J GEO-MAR SCI, VOL 49, NO 06, JUNE 2020 salt content of lakes in the coastal environment is and has undulating topography with small hills generally derived from the sea; either the result of sea (~200 m elevation) and depressions formed by glacial water trapped by isostatic uplift or due to aeolian valleys and lakes. The region is characterized by transport of aerosol and sea spray8. In addition to this, deglaciated landscape interspersed with more than interaction with the rocks and ground water flow can 100 freshwater lakes20. The lakes can be classified as also contribute to the solute regime. Hence, the proglacial, landlocked or inland and epiglacial lakes cumulative effect of physical processes such as that occur in well defined lineament and glacial basins freezing, evaporation, sublimation, and mixing of water formed during late Pleistocene-Holocene period. from different reservoirs determine the stable isotopic The Schirmacher Oasis region is geomor- and chemical makeup of precipitation, resulting in phologically distinguishable into three units: i) polar redistribution of isotopes and dissolved solids. The ice sheet, ii) Schirmacher mainland including lakes, lakes in East Antarctic region has been a subject of and iii) coastal-shelf area. All the three units extend in study in many aspects like biology, sedimentology, east-west directions paralleling the coastline (Fig. 1). hydrogeochemistry, hydrology, limnology etc.9-14. The polar ice sheet, which contains abundant sand and The stable isotope ratios of water (δ18O and δD) do silt-size sediments, covers a large area in the south. not change unless by mixing of water from a different The exposed mainland unit mostly represented by 21 reservoir or by processes like evaporation and high-grade metamorphic rocks , shows an undulating sublimation. The water bodies of Antarctica have topography with low altitude hills of 50 to 200 m been investigated for stable isotopes by many elevation and inland lakes formed due to glacier investigators15-19. They highlighted the vital role erosion. Various sub-glacial tills, glacial valleys, and played by the Antarctica lakes in the water balance of polished bedrock are easily recognizable in this unit. the Schirmacher Oasis, especially in the estimation of The third unit represented by the coastal-shelf region contribution of the melt water from the glaciers and is marked by the presence of coastal sand, which is the snow/ice fields of the oasis through stable isotopic largely mixed with sediments from inland and the composition. In a study by Haberlandt et al.15, all polar ice sheet, transported through melt water 10 water bodies of the Central Queen Maud Land are channels . found to be of freshwater type. The salt content was Lake water samples were collected during the 29th relatively high (up to about 500 mg/L) compared with Indian Antarctic Scientific Expedition (2009-2010). that of the regional snow and ice which feed the lakes. Samples were collected from 12 locations including They related the local differences in salt concentration the Priyadarshini Lake and the shallow ponds from and chemical type of water to the evaporation of drain Schirmacher Oasis during austral summer (17th less lakes and geochemical peculiarities of the February – 24th February). Priyadarshini Lake is one different catchment areas. The isotope data of the of the largest landlocked lakes with about 0.75 km2 large drained lakes of the Schirmacher Oasis were water spread area. pH and electrical conductivity (EC) within the range of values for Holocene precipitations were measured in situ, and the major cation and anion 2 accumulated in the glacial surroundings (δ HSMOW = - concentrations were determined in the laboratory, 18 22 210 to -240 ‰, δ OSMOW = around -30 ‰) whereas following standard analytical procedures . Triplicate some lakes were predominantly fed by the Pleistocene analyses of each sample were done to check the basal layer of the regional ice cover. analytical reproducibility and the results are the In this study, the lakes near the early Indian Station in Antarctica, Maitri, and in the Schirmacher Oasis are explored for the hydrochemical and stable isotopic investigation. Materials and Methods The Schirmacher Oasis (70º44’30” S to 70º46’30” and 11º22’40” E to 11º54’00” E) is a narrow strip of ice free region covering an area of about 35 km2 laying in the east-west direction (Fig. 1). The central part of the Oasis has maximum width of about 2.7 km Fig. 1 — Lake water Sampling locations at Schirmacher Oasis GOPINATH et al.: ISOTOPE HYDROCHEMISTRY OF LAKES IN SCHIRMACHER OASIS 949 average of these. High density polyethylene (HDPE) Discussion bottles were used for collection of lake water for The ionic composition of Antarctic lakes are isotopic determination and stable isotopes were determined by lake-ice thawing which can either measured using the off axis integrated cavity output result in more diluted lake water due to the addition of spectroscopy (IWA-45EP, Los Gatos research), with melt water of ionic content or, more concentrated lake an external precision of ±0.1 ‰ for δ18O and ±0.5 ‰ water if marine aerosols are accumulated in the snow for δD. The results were expressed in δ as, and ice. In the case of Schirmacher Oasis, all lakes are R sample in elevations above the Holocene marine limit that 훿 = − 1 × 1000 R standard had no hydrological contact with the ocean in the past4 and has glacial origin, in contrast to the saline Where, R represent either 18O/ 16O or D/H ratio.