Geochemistry of the Kola River and Lake Imandra, Northwestern Russia

Geochemistry of the Kola River and Lake Imandra, Northwestern Russia

2005:22 DOCTORAL T H E SI S Geochemistry of the Kola River and Lake Imandra, northwestern Russia Larisa Pekka Luleå University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Geosciences Division of Applied Geology 2005:22|: 02-544|: - -- 05⁄22 -- *HRFKHPLVWU\RIWKH.ROD5LYHUDQG/DNH ,PDQGUDQRUWKZHVWHUQ5XVVLD /DULVD3HNND 'HSDUWPHQWRI&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJDQG*HRVFLHQFHV 'LYLVLRQRI$SSOLHG*HRORJ\ /XOHn8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\ 6(/8/(c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llWlP|MRNL5LYHUVRQO\&XDQG1LDUHHOHYDWHG7KHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI$V&X0Q0RDQG1L LQEU\RSK\WHVDQGZDWHUZHUHKLJKHVWFORVHWRWKHPLQHDUHDVUHODWLYHO\ORZLQWKHPLGGOHSDUWV RIWKH.ROD5LYHUDQGHOHYDWHGDWWKHULYHUPRXWK(YDOXDWLRQRIWKHVDPSOLQJPHWKRGVDQGWKH DQDO\WLFDOUHVXOWVREWDLQHGIURPWKHSDUDOOHOVDPSOLQJRFFDVLRQVLQWKH.ROD5LYHUSHUIRUPHGE\WKH 0XUPDQVN$UHD'HSDUWPHQWIRU+\GURPHWHRURORJ\DQG(QYLURQPHQWDO0RQLWRULQJ 0$'+(0 DQGE\/XOHn8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\ /78 FOHDUO\LQGLFDWHGFRQWDPLQDWLRQSUREOHPVGXULQJ WKH¿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ÀXHQFHGE\VHFRQGDU\SURFHVVHVLQWKHVXUIDFH VHGLPHQW EHFDXVH RI WKHLU PDMRU DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK SULPDULO\ SDUWLFOHV IURP WKH DSDWLWH LQGXVWU\ 7KHHIIHFWVRIH[SDQVLRQRIWKHDSDWLWHDQG&X1LPLQLQJLQGXVWULHVEHJLQQLQJLQDUHFOHDUO\ VHHQLQWKHVHGLPHQWUHFRUG&RQFHQWUDWLRQVRI36U%D DSDWLWHPLQLQJ DQG6&XDQG1L &X1L PLQLQJ KDYHVLJQL¿FDQWO\LQFUHDVHGFRPSDUHGWRWKHSUHLQGXVWULDOOHYHOVDQGWKHPDMRUHOHPHQW FRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHGHSRVLWHGSDUWLFXODWHPDWHULDOKDVFKDQJHGFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHSUHLQGXVWULDO VHGLPHQW /,672)3$3(56 7KLVWKHVLVFRPSULVHVWKHIROORZLQJIRXUSDSHUV , 3HNND/,QJUL-:LGHUOXQG$0RNURWRYDURYD25LDEWVHYD0gKODQGHU% *HRFKHPLVWU\RIWKH.ROD5LYHUQRUWKZHVWHUQ5XVVLD$SSOLHG*HRFKHPLVWU\ ,, 3HNND/(FNH)+DOPHHQSll+9XRUL.00RNURWRYDURYD2gKODQGHU%DQG ,QJUL- $VVHVVLQJSROOXWLRQRIWKH.ROD5LYHUQRUWKZHVWHUQ5XVVLDXVLQJPHWDO FRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQZDWHUDQGEU\RSK\WHV0DQXVFULSW ,,, 3HNND/'DXYDOWHU95RGXVKNLQ,3LHQHUXG(DQG,QJUL- 0DQJDQHVHFRQWUROOHG F\FOLQJRIPDMRUDQGWUDFHHOHPHQWVLQVHDVRQDOO\VXER[LF/DNH,PDQGUDQRUWKZHVWHUQ 5XVVLD0DQXVFULSW ,9 3HNND/'DXYDOWHU95RGXVKNLQ,3LHQHUXG(DQG,QJUL- +LVWRULFDOVHGLPHQW PHWDOUHFRUGDQGLWVPRGL¿FDWLRQE\VHFRQGDU\SURFHVVHVLQVXEDUFWLF/DNH,PDQGUD 0DQXVFULSW &217(176 ,1752'8&7,21 6&23(2)7+(7+(6,6««««««««««««««««««« 678'<$5($«««««««««««««««««««««««« 7KH.ROD3HQLQVXODDQGLWVPLQLQJLQGXVWU\««««««««««« /DNH,PDQGUD««««««««««««««««««««««« 7KH.ROD5LYHU«««««««««««««««««««««« 5HIHUHQFHULYHUV«««««««««««««««««««««« 6$03/,1*««««««««««««««««««««««««« 7KH.ROD5LYHU«««««««««««««««««««««« /DNH,PDQGUD««««««««««««««««««««««« 6800$5<2)5(68/76 7KH.ROD5LYHU«««««««««««««««««««««« 0HWDOF\FOLQJLQ/DNH,PDQGUD««««««««««««««« $&.12:/('*0(176««««««««««««««««««««« 5()(5(1&(6««««««««««««««««««««««««« 3$3(56,,9 ,1752'8&7,21 )URPDJOREDOSHUVSHFWLYHWKHH[FDYDWLRQRIRUHLQFUHDVHVWKHH[SRVXUHRIVHYHUDOPDMRUDQG WUDFHHOHPHQWVRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHHDUWK$WWKHPLQLQJVLWHVDQGZLWKLQQHLJKERXULQJDUHDVPHWDO FRQFHQWUDWLRQVDUHRIWHQFRQVLGHUDEO\HOHYDWHGUHDFKLQJWR[LFOHYHOVIRUWKHELRWD )|UVWQHUDQG :LWWPDQQ1LPLFNDQG0RRUH1HOVRQDQG/DPRWKH 7KH.ROD3HQLQVXODKDVEHHQDODUJHLQGXVWULDOFHQWUHIRULURQDSDWLWHDQGHVSHFLDOO\&X1L PLQLQJDQGVPHOWLQJIRUDOPRVW\HDUV6WXGLHVE\HJ&DULWDWHWDO DE b\Ul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¿HOGZRUNWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGKDQGOLQJ LQWKHODERUDWRU\LVLWVJUHDWHVWZHDNQHVV =KXOLGRYHWDO 7KHHYDOXDWLRQRI WKHDQDO\WLFDOUHVXOWVREWDLQHGIURPWKHSDUDOOHOVDPSOLQJRFFDVLRQVLQWKH.ROD5LYHUGXULQJWKLV VWXG\E\5XVVLDQ 0$'+(0 DQG6ZHGLVK /XOHn8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\ SDUWQHUVLQGLFDWHG VHULRXVFRQWDPLQDWLRQSUREOHPVDWWKH0XUPDQVN$UHD'HSDUWPHQWIRU+\GURPHWHRURORJ\DQG (QYLURQPHQWDO0RQLWRULQJ )LJXUH )RUPHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQVRIZDWHUFKHPLVWU\ LQ /DNH ,PDQGUD KDYH IRFXVHG RQ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LVVXHV 0RLVHHQNR DQG<DNRYOHY ,Q JHQHUDO RQO\FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI PDMRU DQLRQV DQG FDWLRQV&XDQG1LZHUHSUHYLRXVO\UHSRUWHG 6&23(2)7+(7+(6,6 7KH¿UVWSDUWRIWKHVWXG\IRFXVHVRQUHVXOWVIURPH[WHQVLYHVDPSOLQJDQGDQDO\VHVRIGLVVROYHG DQGVXVSHQGHGPHWDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQWKH.RODULYHUWRJHWKHUZLWKDQDO\VHVRIDTXDWLFPRVVHV SHUIRUPHGZLWKLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHVHDUFKSURMHFW³.ROD:DWHU4XDOLW\$VWXG\RQSROOXWLRQRI WKH.ROD5LYHUDQGLWVRXWÀRZLQWRWKH$UFWLF6HDVRXUFHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQSURWRFROIRUPRQLWRULQJ DQGORZFRVWSXUL¿FDWLRQPHDVXUHV´,QRUGHUWRJDLQDFRPSUHKHQVLYHRYHUYLHZRIWKHSROOXWLRQ VWDWXVLQWKH.ROD5LYHUWKHIROORZLQJLWHPVDUHFRQVLGHUHG DVVHVVPHQWRIVSDWLDODQGWHPSRUDO YDULDWLRQVLQPDMRUDQGWUDFHHOHPHQWVLQWKHGLVVROYHGDQGSDUWLFXODWHSKDVHVLQWKH.ROD5LYHUDQG LQDTXDWLFEU\RSK\WHV WKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKHVRXUFHVRISROOXWLRQZLWKLQWKHEDVLQDQG WKH FRPSDULVRQRIWKHPHWDOOHYHOVLQWKH.ROD5LYHUUHODWLYHWREDFNJURXQGOHYHOVLQXQFRQWDPLQDWHG UHIHUHQFHDUHDVLQQRUWKHUQ(XURSHQDPHO\WKH.DOL[5LYHULQQRUWKHUQ6ZHGHQDQGWKH5LYHU 1llWlP|MRNLDQGWKH5LYHU7HQRMRNLLQQRUWKHUQ)LQODQG W ) L R LJXUH QV 2SHQSLWLURQPLQH 2OHQHJRUVN R )HYLU[Z:LH DQGFRQFHQWUDWLRQSODQW IWKHUHIHUHQFHULYHUEDVLQVLQ1 7KHO 7DQDIMRUGHQ 1 &X1LVPHOWHU R 0RQFKHJRUVN FDWL 1 %ROVKD\D R ,PDQGUD Q R $SDWLWHDQG IWKH. QHSKHOLQHPLQH 125:$< DQGFRQFHQWUDWLRQ 0RQLWRULQJVWDWLRQ SODQW 7HQRMRNL5LYHU .LURYVN $SDWLW\ R 1llWlPR OD5LYHUEDVLQDQG/DNH,PDQGUDLQQ %DELQVND\D 1llWlPRMRNL5LYHU ,PDQGUD 3RORPDD <RNRVWURYVND\D R 1LNHO =DSRODUQL\ ,PDQGUD UWKHUQ6ZHGHQDQG)LQ 3RODUQL\ NP 6HYHURPRUVN 5LYHU1LYD .LUXQD 0XUPDQVN .ROD5LYHU .DLWXP5LYHU 9RURQMD )HYLU[Z:LH &KDUORYND .DOL[5LYHU 2OHQHJRUVN 9DU]LQD <XNDQJD O /LQD5LYHU DQG 0RQWFKHJRUVN 7YlUn5LYHU bQJHVn5LYHU $UFWLFFLUFOH 0THUKYH <RNDQJD .LURYVN $SDWLW\ R UWKZHVWHUQ5XVVLDDQGWKHO ),1/$1' .DQGDODNVKD 6:('(1 5866,$ 3RQRL 3RQRL 9DU]XJD .DOL[ 8PED 6PUHOMQD /XOHn 7RUQLR 3LWHn >OP[L:LH R 6NHOOHIWHn FD 2XOX 7KHJHRFKHPLFDOF\FOLQJRI0QDQGLWVLQÀ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

View Full Text

Details

  • File Type
    pdf
  • Upload Time
    -
  • Content Languages
    English
  • Upload User
    Anonymous/Not logged-in
  • File Pages
    119 Page
  • File Size
    -

Download

Channel Download Status
Express Download Enable

Copyright

We respect the copyrights and intellectual property rights of all users. All uploaded documents are either original works of the uploader or authorized works of the rightful owners.

  • Not to be reproduced or distributed without explicit permission.
  • Not used for commercial purposes outside of approved use cases.
  • Not used to infringe on the rights of the original creators.
  • If you believe any content infringes your copyright, please contact us immediately.

Support

For help with questions, suggestions, or problems, please contact us