A Social History of France, 1789–1914 Related titles from Palgrave Macmillan: Nigel Aston, Religion and Revolution in France, 1780–1804 Jarine Garrison, A History of Sixteenth-Century France, 1483–1598 David Potter, A History of France, 1460–1560 Charles Sowerwine, France since 1870 Richard Vinen, France, 1934–1970 A Social History of France 1789–1914 Second Edition PETER McPHEE © Peter McPhee 2004 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First edition published 1992 by Routledge Second edition published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-0-333-99750-5 hardback ISBN 978-0-333-99751-2 ISBN 978-1-4039-3777-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4039-3777-3 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10987654321 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 Contents Maps and Tables vi Abbreviations vii Preface to Second Edition viii Introduction 1 1 France in the 1780s 7 2 The Revolutionary Reconstruction of French Society, 1789–1792 30 3 Republicanism and Counter-Revolution, 1792–1795 51 4 The Consolidation of Post-Revolutionary Society, 1795–1815 72 5 The Social Consequences of the Revolution 90 6 The World of Notables and Bourgeois, 1815–1845 108 7 The World of Urban Working People, 1815–1845 128 8 Rural Change and Continuity, 1815–1845 147 9 The Mid-Century Crisis, 1846–1852 168 10 The Transformation of Urban France, 1852–1880 188 11 The Peak of Rural Civilization, 1852–1880 209 12 The Social History of Ideas, 1850–1880: ‘The Moralization of the Masses?’ 229 13 The Republican Triumph and its Challenges, 1877–1914 246 Conclusion – Plus ça change? 263 Notes 279 A Guide to Further Reading 336 Index 345 v Maps and Tables Maps I.1 France – physical ix 1.1 French provinces in the 1780s, showing principal centres of administration 9 2.1 French departments and their capitals 39, 40 2.2 Paris at the time of the Revolution 49 8.1 Types of rural settlement in nineteenth-century France 151, 152 8.2 Communes in France without primary schools, c.1850 164 9.1 Votes for démoc-socs, 13 May 1849 176 9.2 Resistance to the coup d’état, December 1851 183 10.1 Railway construction in France, 1846–1875 190 10.2 Republican votes, 20 February 1876 207 11.1 Taxable worth of land in France, 1851–1879 212 11.2 Religious practice in France, c.1880 216 Tables 8.1 Landholding in France, 1825 147 10.1 Population of major cities in France, 1851 and 1881 188 C.1 Food consumption in France per capita, 1781–1913 274 vi Abbreviations Abbreviated titles have been used for periodicals cited in notes more than once: AdeN Annales de Normandie AduM Annales du Midi AHR American Historical Review AHRF Annales historiques de la Révolution française AJFS Australian Journal of French Studies Annales Annales: économies, sociétés, civilisations BHES Bulletin d’histoire économique et sociale CSSH Comparative Studies in Society and History EHQ European History Quarterly ER Études rurales ESR European Studies Review FH French History FHS French Historical Studies FPS French Politics and Society HJ Historical Journal HR Historical Reflections/Réflexions historiques HW History Workshop IH Information historique JEH Journal of Economic History JFH Journal of Family History JIH Journal of Interdisciplinary History JMH Journal of Modern History JSH Journal of Social History MS Mouvement social P&P Past & Present RFSP Revue française de science politique RH Revue historique RHMC Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine SH Social History TM Les Temps modernes T&S Theory and Society vii Preface to Second Edition The invitation from Palgrave Macmillan to produce a second edition of a book first published in 1992 has afforded me the opportunity to integrate the out- standing social history published in the decade since then; at the same time a number of corrections have been made to the earlier text. This edition also extends its chronological span from 1880 to 1914 to cover the ‘long nineteenth century’ 1789–1914: in political and cultural terms, the nineteenth century began in France (and Europe) with the Revolution of 1789 and ended not on 31 December 1899 but with the declaration of war on 3 August 1914. PETER MCPHEE March 2003 viii .