Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav religionistiky Zuzana Malá Náboženské praktiky v konzumnej spoločnosti: zdraviu prospešné, ekologicky optimálne a duchovné Analýza udržiavania náboženských praktík v japonských horských oblastiach Disertační práce Školitel: doc. PhDr. Luboš Bělka, CSc. 2017 Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department for the Study of Religions Zuzana Malá Religious practices in the consumer society: Towards healthy, sustainable and spiritual practices An analysis of the maintenance of religious practices in Japanese mountains Doctoral Thesis Supervisor: doc. PhDr. Luboš Bělka, CSc. 2017 Prehlasujem, že som dizertačnú prácu vypracovala samostatne s použitím uvedených prameňov a literatúry. Mgr. Zuzana Malá V Zlatých Moravciach, dňa 25. 1. 2017 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 Academic studies related to the topic ............................................................................ 7 Theoretical background ............................................................................................... 12 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 14 Field work ................................................................................................................ 14 Conventions.............................................................................................................. 16 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................................. 17 Chapter I ................................................................................................................................ 20 Notions of the afterlife and ideas of rebirth ................................................................. 20 I. 1. Pre-Buddhist notions of the afterlife ................................................................. 21 I. 2. Buddhist notions of the afterlife ....................................................................... 22 I. 3. Notions of the afterlife in the Nihon ryōiki ...................................................... 25 The story of Ebisu ................................................................................................ 27 The story of Oshikatsu ......................................................................................... 27 The story of Chikō ............................................................................................... 28 I. 4. The Six Realms of existence and the cult of the Ten Kings ............................. 30 Jizō ..................................................................................................................... 32 I. 5. Visualizations of the realms of rebirth .............................................................. 34 I. 5. 1. Scenes from the Scripture on Jizō and the Ten Kings ............................... 35 I. 5. 2. The Illustrated stories of Hell and the Stories of Hungry Ghosts .............. 36 I. 5. 3. Places of suffering for women and children .............................................. 39 Sai no kawara .................................................................................................... 39 The Blood-Pool Hell .......................................................................................... 40 The Hell of snake-women ................................................................................. 41 The Hell of barren women ................................................................................. 42 Chapter II ............................................................................................................................... 44 The Tateyama Mandala ............................................................................................... 44 II. 1. Tateyama and the afterlife ............................................................................... 44 II. 2. Shape and typology of the Tateyama Mandala ............................................... 45 II. 3. Motifs in the Tateyama mandala ..................................................................... 49 1 II. 3. 1. Legends ........................................................................................................ 49 II. 3. 1. 1. Motifs in mandalas inspired by the story of the hunter ........................ 51 II. 3. 2. The Six Realms of transmigration ............................................................... 54 II. 3. 2. 1. The Heavenly realm ............................................................................. 54 II. 3. 2. 2. The Asura realm ................................................................................... 55 II. 3. 2. 3. The realm of Hungry Ghosts ................................................................ 56 II. 3. 2. 4. The Animal realm ................................................................................ 57 II. 3. 2. 5. The Hells .............................................................................................. 57 The Hell of Revival ........................................................................................... 58 The Black rope hell ........................................................................................... 58 The Hell of Assembly ........................................................................................ 59 The Hell of Screams .......................................................................................... 59 The Hell of Great Screams ................................................................................ 60 The Hell of Incineration and the Hell of No Interval ........................................ 60 Chapter III .............................................................................................................................. 62 The Tateyama cult ....................................................................................................... 62 III. 1. Enacted aspirations for rebirth in Heavens .................................................... 62 III. 2. Rituals for the sake of women ........................................................................ 64 III. 2. 1. The Blood-bowl Sutra ............................................................................. 64 III. 2. 2. Nagare kanjō ........................................................................................... 65 III. 2. 3. The Cloth Bridge consecration rite ......................................................... 66 III. 2. 2. 1. History of the rite ............................................................................. 66 III. 2. 2. 2. Heterogeneous aspects of the rite .................................................... 68 Establishing a blood tie with a deity .................................................................. 69 Niga biakudō ..................................................................................................... 71 A journey to death and back .............................................................................. 71 III. 3. Uba ................................................................................................................. 72 III. 4. Economic aspects of the cult .......................................................................... 75 III. 4. 1. A systematized mediating of redemption ............................................... 75 III. 4. 2. Mercantile activities as sustaining strategies .......................................... 78 III. 5. Vanishing of the cult ...................................................................................... 80 Chapter IV .............................................................................................................................. 83 From religious practices towards cultural heritage ..................................................... 83 2 IV. 1. The case of Tateyama .................................................................................... 83 IV. 1. 1. Continuing practices in Ashikuraji ......................................................... 84 Meshikae ............................................................................................................ 84 The ritual for yama no kami .............................................................................. 85 IV. 1. 2. Re-enactment of the Cloth Bridge rite .................................................... 85 IV. 1. 3. Discord between performance and religious ritual ................................. 87 IV. 1. 4. Commodification of the rite ................................................................... 90 IV. 2. Co-existence with nature as religious-cultural heritage ................................. 92 IV. 2. 1. Furusato and satoyama ........................................................................... 93 IV. 2. 2. Involvement of religious groups in the debates on co-existence with nature as religious heritage ................................................................................... 95 IV. 3. The case of Dewa Sanzan .............................................................................