Resource-Efficient Land Use – Towards a Global Sustainable Land Use Standard Governance screening of global land use Discussion Paper prepared by GLOBALANDS Project Authors: Stephanie Wunder Timo Kaphengst Franziska Wolff Lucy Smith Andreas Hermann Johanna von der Weppen Dirk Arne Heyen Berlin, October 2013 on behalf of funded by Recommended citation: Wunder et al (2013): “Governance screening of global land use”, discussion paper produced within the research project “GLOBALANDS – Global Land Use and Sustainability”, authors: Wunder, Stephanie *; Hermann, Andreas #, Heyen, Dirk Arne #; Kaphengst, Timo *, Smith, Lucy *, von der Weppen, Johanna *, Wolff, Franziska #; Berlin, Ecologic Institute* and Öko- Institute #, October 2013 Abstract The pressure on land and natural resources is increasing worldwide be it for food, feed, fuel or fibre production. Moreover, land is essential to provide ecosystem services. While there are many sectoral policies tackling different environmental problems, land use is not regulated in an integrated and overarching way. The aim of the project “GLOBALANDS– Global Land Use and Sustainability“ is to identify promising existing land use policies and to develop possible governance approaches towards a more resource efficient and sustainable global land use. The project is funded by the German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA) and runs until 2014. This discussion paper “Governance screening of global land use” is one part of the work done within this project and wants to serve as an input to the debate on the development of international governance on land and soil. The paper gives an overview of the most important international policies with relevant impacts on land use and identifies “windows of opportunity” to further strengthen sustainable land use through international policies. The screening was not limited to the main land use sectors such as agriculture and forestry, but broadens the analysis to other policies that have an important impact on large areas of land, even if these effects are not intended by the specific policy. Table of Contents 1 Objectives and methodological approach ............................................................................... 4 1.1 Background and objectives .............................................................................................. 4 1.2 Selection of relevant policies ........................................................................................... 5 1.3 Classification and presentation of policies ....................................................................... 6 1.4 Limits of the governance screening ................................................................................. 8 1.5 Structure of the report .................................................................................................... 8 2 Results of the international governance screening ................................................................. 9 2.1 Land use policies per sector ............................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Agriculture .................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.2 Forestry .................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.3 Built up land ............................................................................................................. 38 2.2 Cross Cutting Policies – for specific environmental media/environmental goods ........... 48 2.2.1 Climate ..................................................................................................................... 48 2.2.2 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................... 59 2.2.3 Soil ............................................................................................................................ 71 2.2.4 Water ....................................................................................................................... 78 2.3 Integrated Policies (addressing different sectors/ environmental media/ policies) ........ 81 2.3.1 Sustainability ............................................................................................................ 81 2.3.2 Resource policies ...................................................................................................... 89 2.3.3 Spatial and Land Use Planning (including SEA and EIA) .............................................. 91 2.4 Cross cutting policies (non-sectoral) .............................................................................. 94 2.4.1 Energy ...................................................................................................................... 95 2.4.2 Trade ...................................................................................................................... 101 2.4.3 Investment ............................................................................................................. 111 2.4.4 Land Tenure ............................................................................................................ 117 2.4.5 Development & Cohesion Policy ............................................................................. 119 2.4.6 Corruption / Transparency ...................................................................................... 128 2.5 Cross Cutting issues with a lack of (effective) policies .................................................. 135 2.5.1 Dietary change ........................................................................................................ 135 2.5.2 Food losses and food waste .................................................................................... 137 2.5.3 Global population growth ....................................................................................... 139 1 2.5.4 Gender equality ...................................................................................................... 142 2.5.5 Public goods and the internalization of externalities ............................................... 144 2.5.6 Environmental liability ............................................................................................ 145 3 National case studies .......................................................................................................... 147 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 147 3.2 Selection of case studies .............................................................................................. 148 3.3 General overview ........................................................................................................ 148 3.4 Latin America............................................................................................................... 150 3.4.1 Brazil: Policies for reducing deforestation – ambitious, though not always coherent ................................................................................................................ 150 3.4.2 Mother Earth Law: A solution for deforestation in Bolivia? ..................................... 154 3.4.3 Argentina: Beef production decline, soy expansion and their interrelationship ....... 158 3.4.1 Cuba: Necessity the Mother of Invention? .............................................................. 163 3.5 Africa ........................................................................................................................... 168 3.5.1 Pastoralism and land governance in Kenya ............................................................. 168 3.5.2 Recultivating the desert in Niger and Burkina Faso ................................................. 172 3.6 Asia ............................................................................................................................. 175 3.6.1 India: Afforestation and reforestation ..................................................................... 175 3.7 Ozeanien ..................................................................................................................... 180 3.7.1 Mining Agreements in Australia .............................................................................. 180 3.8 Europe ......................................................................................................................... 184 3.8.1 Germany - Landscape Planning ............................................................................... 184 3.8.2 Veggie Day- Ghent Belgium ..................................................................................... 190 3.9 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 196 4 Conclusions, outlook and open questions ........................................................................... 197 5 Windows of Opportunity for international Policies ............................................................. 200 6 References ......................................................................................................................... 203 6.1 Background and objectives .......................................................................................... 203 6.2 Agriculture ................................................................................................................... 203