GOBIERNO MINISTERIO GOBIERNO MINISTERIO DE ESPAÑA DE LA PRESIDENCIA DE ESPAÑA DE LA PRESIDENCIA www.eu2010.es STATE SECRETARIAT FOR THE PUBLIC SERVICE DIRECTORATE-GENERAL OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE MINISTRY OF THE PRESIDENCY Madrid 2010 First edition: May 2010 Editorial Committee: Coordinator: Isabel Hernández Fernández del Valle. Editorial Head: Jesús Etayo Yábar, Enrique Núñez Morgades y Emilio Viciana Duro. Technical Advisors: Isabel Gabella Valera, Laura García-Manzano Guerra, Pedro Carlos Garrido Matas, Elena Gómez Bada and Alejandro Grávalos Ezquerra. Technical and IT Backup: Ángel Martín Segundo. International contact officials: Lidija Cvetkovic and Marek Szczypek. © Ministry of the Presidency. Technical Secretariat-General This publication is protected by Legislative Royal Decree No. 1/96 of 12 April passing the Reform Intellectual Property Act and its amending Act No. 23/2006 of 7 July. It may not be reproduced for profit-making purposes without express authorisation. 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NIPO: 000-10-062-3 DL: M-27538-2010 TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 5 COUNTRY DESCRIPTION AUSTRIA .................................................................................................................... 17 BELGIUM .................................................................................................................... 23 BULGARIA ................................................................................................................... 31 CYPRUS ..................................................................................................................... 37 CZECH REPUBLIC ........................................................................................................ 47 DENMARK .................................................................................................................. 53 ESTONIA .................................................................................................................... 61 FINLAND .................................................................................................................... 67 FRANCE ...................................................................................................................... 73 GERMANY .................................................................................................................. 81 GREECE ..................................................................................................................... 91 HUNGARY ................................................................................................................... 97 IRELAND .................................................................................................................... 107 ITALY ......................................................................................................................... 121 LATVIA ....................................................................................................................... 129 LITHUANIA .................................................................................................................. 137 LUXEMBOURG ............................................................................................................. 143 MALTA ........................................................................................................................ 151 NETHERLANDS ............................................................................................................ 161 POLAND ..................................................................................................................... 167 PORTUGAL ................................................................................................................. 175 ROMANIA ................................................................................................................... 201 SLOVAKIA ................................................................................................................... 209 SLOVENIA ................................................................................................................... 215 SPAIN ........................................................................................................................ 223 SWEDEN .................................................................................................................... 235 UNITED KINGDOM ....................................................................................................... 245 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 253 INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to provide a summary of the most important aspects of public employment within the community framework by means of a comparative analysis. This summary has been taken from the full study prepared by the aforementioned working group. The study has been possible thanks to the cooperation of the different spokespersons in each country. However, due to time restrictions in its preparation, we must apologise for any inaccuracies or errors that may have occurred, and interested parties are requested to provide any necessary clarifications or corrections. The study, which follows the same structure for all countries, does not intend to be exhaustive or in-depth as this is not its purpose, but instead, it provides an introduction to this type of employment within the community and may be used as a starting point for future specific studies. 1. REGIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION All executive powers in the European Union are dual, the role of Head of State may be exercised by the Monarch, (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom, Luxembourg and Spain), or by the President of the Republic (remaining countries). Judiciary power is characterized by its homogeneity and independence compared with other powers. In all cases, legislative power lies with a Parliament that may have a single chamber or two chambers. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS TWO HOUSES SINGLE HOUSE Germany Bulgaria Austria Cyprus Belgium Denmark Slovenia Slovakia Spain Estonia France Finland Ireland Greece MEMBER STATES Italy Hungary Netherlands Malta Poland Latvia United Kingdom Lithuania Czech Republic Luxembourg Romania Portugal Sweden INTRODUCTION / 5 REGIONAL ORGANIZATION. REGIONAL LEVEL (comparatiVE table) Unitary States COMPOUND States CENTRALIZED DECENTRALIZED FEDERAL REGIONAL Estonia Denmark Germany Italy Latvia Finland Austria Spain Lithuania France Belgium United Kingdom Slovenia Romania Czech Republic Cyprus Greece Malta Slovakia Luxembourg Netherlands Ireland Bulgaria Hungary Poland Portugal Sweden Local Level There are different levels of self-government and classification of local authorities, whereby the spectrum of powers varies depending on the countries. The local level plays an important role in the Nordic countries, Netherlands and United Kingdom. In any case, all EU countries have ratified the European Charter of Local Self-Government. Public administration The administrative organization of the EU countries has evolved from an initial Bureaucratic Administration through the modernization of structures, creation of agencies, specialization of duties, on-going training, the use of new technologies and the outsourcing of services. 2. CIVIL SERVICE STRUCTURE Civil Servants. Current Situation. 1. Duality, in most countries between civil servants and non-civil service employees, with different legal systems and a tendency to unify the contents and working conditions of both groups. 2. Their excessive temporary nature is a widespread phenomenon in both the public and private sectors. 3. Problems in differentiating functions to be carried out by civil servants, non-civil service employees and by those recruited using trust criteria. The latter are usually temporary and are recruited to perform management or administrative management functions. 6 / PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT IN EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES In general, the following types exist: A. Civil Servants: This is a heterogeneous group and is made up of all those public employees linked to a Public Administration through an act of appointment and a statutory relation which is essentially regulated by Administrative Law. The civil servant condition does not necessarily mean that they work full time in public service, but it is compatible with part-time work or, where appropriate, working from home or any other forms that may be established by the corresponding laws and according to needs. B. Non-civil service employees: Non-civil service employees serving Public Administrations and Authorities are governed by employment law but with special conditions and numbers have increased over the years. The main problem in most of the EU member states is the system to apply and uniformity of conditions in the provision of services. C. Interim/Transitory/Temporary Staff: This type of staff fills a vacancy that is not performed by a career-based civil servant. They are recruited in all Member States on the principles of merit and ability and they are freely appointed and released. Their numbers and duties differ from country to country. D.