CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATIONS: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Barbara A. Babb, J.D. Gloria Danziger, J.D. Judith D. Moran, J.D. J. Mason Weeda, J.D. William A. Mack, J.D. candidate A COLLABORATION BETWEEN: MARYLAND ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE COURTS, Frank Broccolina, State Court Administrator Faye S. Gaskin, Deputy State Court Administrator FAMILY ADMINISTRATION Connie Kratovil-Lavelle, Executive Director COURT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT Diane Pawlowicz, Executive Director C. David Crumpton, Deputy Executive Director and CENTER FOR FAMILIES, CHILDREN AND THE COURTS UNIVERSITY OF BALTIMORE SCHOOL OF LAW Barbara A. Babb, Director April 2009 The Maryland Judiciary Research Consortium This report is a product of the Maryland Judiciary Research Consortium. The Consortium is comprised of Maryland’s public institutions that collaborate under memoranda of understanding with the Maryland Judiciary, Administrative Office of the Courts. The institution responsible for the production of the current report, the Center for Families, Children and the Courts, University of Baltimore School of Law, is a member of the Maryland Judiciary Research Consortium. The contact representative for the Consortium is Dave Crumpton, Administrative Office of the Courts, Court Research and Development Department. He can be reached by phone at 410-260-1274 and by email at [email protected]. TABLE OF CONTENTS The Maryland Judiciary Research Consortium............................................................................... 2 Executive Summary........................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 8 Review of the Literature ................................................................................................................. 8 Overview..................................................................................................................................... 8 Terminology............................................................................................................................ 8 Search Strategy and Organization of Annotations.................................................................. 9 The Practice of Custody Evaluations........................................................................................ 11 Overview of Practice and Typical Components of an Evaluation.................................... 11 Maryland Overview .......................................................................................................... 14 Specific Issues Investigated .............................................................................................. 16 Models and Frameworks of Custody Evaluations .................................................................... 17 Guidelines ............................................................................................................................. 17 American Psychological Association (APA) Guidelines ................................................. 17 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychology (AACAP) Practice Parameters ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC) Model Standards ..................... 18 Alternative Models................................................................................................................ 19 Protocols for Evaluations that Involve Domestic Violence.............................................. 19 Frameworks for Evaluations Involving Substance Abuse................................................ 21 Analysis of Issues and Outcomes ............................................................................................. 22 Guidelines and Outcomes ..................................................................................................... 22 Trends in Statutory Enforcement.......................................................................................... 23 Components of an Evaluation............................................................................................... 25 Parents, Children, and Others Responsible for the Daily Care of the Child................. 25 Collateral Sources ......................................................................................................... 25 Life History................................................................................................................... 26 Interviews...................................................................................................................... 26 Observations ................................................................................................................. 27 Psychological Testing ................................................................................................... 29 Projective and Objective Personality Tests................................................................... 30 Intelligence Tests .......................................................................................................... 30 Tests Designed for Child Custody Evaluations .................................................................... 31 Academic Achievement Tests........................................................................................... 31 Scrutiny of Specific Tests ................................................................................................. 31 Recommendations From the Research for Psychological Testing ....................................... 33 Other Considerations by an Evaluator .............................................................................. 34 Protocols for the Court, the Evaluator, and the Evaluation Report/Testimony ................ 34 The Judge’s Role............................................................................................................... 34 The Evaluator’s Role ........................................................................................................ 35 Written Report Components and Testimony ........................................................................ 37 What to Include in a Report.............................................................................................. 37 Written Reports vs. Testimony ............................................................................................. 39 Admissibility......................................................................................................................... 39 3 Credentials, Training, and Continuing Education............................................................. 39 Admitting Scientific Evidence.......................................................................................... 40 Problems Identified........................................................................................................... 41 Solutions to Admissibility Issues...................................................................................... 42 Court Appointed Experts vs. Privately Retained Experts..................................................... 44 Cost Factors .............................................................................................................................. 44 Gaps in Literature, Areas for Further Research, Challenges ............................................ 45 Best Practices............................................................................................................................ 48 Guidelines ............................................................................................................................. 48 Evaluation Components.................................................................................................... 49 Roles of the Judge and the Evaluator................................................................................ 51 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 52 Annotated Bibliography: Child Custody Evaluations................................................................... 54 Guidelines for evaluation.......................................................................................................... 54 Evaluation Procedure, Components, and Substance................................................................. 55 Use of psychological testing in evaluations.............................................................................. 59 Judge and attorney survey research .......................................................................................... 61 Evaluator qualifications ............................................................................................................ 63 Statutory framework for evaluations ........................................................................................ 64 Other topics............................................................................................................................... 65 Appendix....................................................................................................................................... 69 Web-Based Resources .............................................................................................................