Sede Amministrativa: Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche, Geografche e dell’Antichità Corso di Dotorato di Ricerca in Studi Storici, Geografci e Antropologici Curricolo: Geografa Umana e Fisica Ciclo ⅩⅨ A Cross-disciplinary Study of the Work and Collections by Roberto de Visiani (1800–1878) Coordinatore: Ch.ma Prof. Maria Cristina La Rocca Supervisore: Dr. Antonella Miola Dottorando: Moreno Clementi Botany: n. Te science of vegetables—those that are not good to eat, as well as those that are. It deals largely with their fowers, which are commonly badly designed, inartistic in color, and ill-smelling. Ambrose Bierce [1] Table of Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Research Project.......................................................................................................13 1.2 State of the Art.........................................................................................................14 1.2.1 Literature on Visiani 14 1.2.2 Studies at the Herbarium of Padova 15 1.2.3 Exploration of Dalmatia 17 1.2.4 Types 17 1.3 Subjects of Particular Focus..................................................................................17 1.3.1 Works with Josif Pančić 17 1.3.2 Flora Dalmatica 18 1.3.3 Visiani’s Relationship with Massalongo 18 1.4 Historical Context...................................................................................................18 1.4.1 From the Fall of Venice to the Fall of Napoleon 19 1.4.2 Te Italian Unifcation 19 1.4.3 Austrian Croatia and Dalmatia 21 1.5 Philosophical and Scientifc Context..................................................................22 1.6 Botany and its Nomenclature...............................................................................24 1.6.1 Basic Concepts and Scientifc Names 24 1.6.2 Nomenclatural Types 25 1.6.3 Typifcation 26 1.6.4 Te Role of Typifcation and Some Challenges 26 2. Materials and Methods............................................................................................. 29 2.1 Herbarium Specimens............................................................................................29 2.1.1 Te Herbarium Dalmaticum 29 2.1.2 Other specimens by Visiani in Padova 31 2.1.3 Specimens by Visiani out of Padova 32 2.2 Literature Review....................................................................................................34 2.3 Unpublished Material.............................................................................................34 2.3.1 Retrieval 34 2.3.2 Digitisation and File Naming System 35 2.3.3 Leters and their Transcriptions 36 2.3.4 Other Unpublished Material by Visiani 38 2.3.5 Saccardo’s Chronicles 38 2.4 Methods of Cartographic Representation.........................................................39 2.4.1 Preliminary Choices 39 2.4.2 Materials for a Cartographic Representation 41 2.4.3 Drawing a Background Map 41 5 2.4.4 Geocoding 42 2.4.5 Building and Populating the Geodatabase 44 2.4.6 Maps of Records and Specimens 45 2.5 Methods of Nomenclatural Study........................................................................45 3. Roberto de Visiani..................................................................................................... 47 3.1 Biography..................................................................................................................47 3.1.1 Visiani’s Surname 47 3.1.2 Family of Origin and Early Life 48 3.1.3 Life as a Professor 50 3.1.4 Chronology of Visiani’s Travels as a Professor 51 3.1.5 Career and Income 53 3.1.6 Private Visiani 54 3.1.7 National Identity and Political Views 57 3.1.8 Religion 60 3.1.9 Last Years and Death 61 3.2 Visiani at the Botanical Garden...........................................................................62 3.2.1 Works and Expenses 62 3.2.2 New Collections 64 3.2.3 Papers on the Garden and Seed Lists 66 3.2.4 Flower Festivals and the Society for the Promotion of Gardening 68 3.3 Congresses.................................................................................................................69 3.3.1 First Congress of the Italian Scientists (Pisa, 1839) 70 3.3.2 Second Congress of the Italian Scientists (Turin, 1840) 70 3.3.3 Tird Congress of the Italian Scientists (Florence, 1841) 71 3.3.4 Fourth Congress of the Italian Scientists (Padova, 1842) 72 3.3.5 Fifh Congress of the Italian Scientists (Lucca, 1843) 74 3.3.6 Sixth Congress of the Italian Scientists (Milan, 1844) 75 3.3.7 Seventh Congress of the Italian Scientists (Naples, 1845) 75 3.3.8 Eighth Congress of the Italian Scientists (Genoa, 1846) 76 3.3.9 Ninth Congress of the Italian Scientists (Venice, 1847) 77 3.3.10 Meetings of German Naturalists and Doctors in Vienna 78 3.3.11 Horticultural Exposition of Saint Petersburg 78 3.4 Published Works......................................................................................................78 3.4.1 Introduction to the Study of Vegetables 79 3.4.2 Stirpium Dalmaticarum Specimen and its Supplements 80 3.4.3 Works on Plants from North Africa and South-Western Europe 83 3.4.4 Flora Dalmatica 84 3.4.5 Te Two (or Tree) Supplements to Flora Dalmatica 96 3.4.6 Works on the Flora of Serbia 97 3.4.7 Palaeobotany 102 3.4.8 Other Works on Systematics and Floristics 105 3.4.9 Applied Botany 107 3.4.10 History of Botany and Biographies of Botanists 113 3.4.11 Literary Works 114 3.4.12 Reviews 116 3.5 Unpublished Works.................................................................................................116 3.5.1 Early Writings 116 3.5.2 On Two Serious Spasmodic Afections 116 3.5.3 Advice on the Creation of a Flora 117 3.5.4 Notes on the State of the Vegetation in Dalmatia 118 3.5.5 On the Condition of Botanical Gardens in Italy 118 6 3.5.6 Elementary Treatise of Botany 119 3.5.7 A Botanical Trip on Steamboat along the Dalmatian Litoral 120 3.5.8 Leter to the Municipal Congregation 120 3.5.9 Evaluation of Candidates for a Professorship in Genoa 120 3.5.10 Leter on the Deanship 121 3.6 Scientifc and Philosophical Views and Preferences.......................................122 3.6.1 Te Role of Science 122 3.6.2 Empiricism and Experimentalism 123 3.6.3 Visiani the Linnean 125 3.6.4 Taxonomical Concepts 126 3.6.5 Naming Choices 131 3.6.6 Teory of Evolution 131 3.7 Legacy.........................................................................................................................135 3.7.1 Material Legacy 135 3.7.2 Scientifc Legacy 137 3.7.3 Eponymy 137 4. Relationships and Exchanges..................................................................................139 4.1 Assistants and Gardeners......................................................................................139 4.1.1 Carlo Caslini 140 4.1.2 Giuseppe Carlo Clementi 141 4.1.3 Pier Andrea Saccardo 141 4.1.4 Francesco Beltramini de’ Casati 142 4.2 Plant Collectors........................................................................................................143 4.2.1 Giuseppe Acerbi 144 4.2.2 Andreas Alschinger 144 4.2.3 Andrea Andrich 145 4.2.4 Paul Ascherson 145 4.2.5 Bartolommeo Biasoleto 145 4.2.6 Mateo Boteri 146 4.2.7 Gian Batista Brocchi 146 4.2.8 Josef Franz Freyn 147 4.2.9 Joseph Kargl 148 4.2.10 Rupert Huter 148 4.2.11 Karl Maly 149 4.2.12 Carlo Marcheseti 149 4.2.13 Giovanni Mioto 149 4.2.14 Franz Neumayer 149 4.2.15 Pietro Nisiteo 151 4.2.16 Wilhelm Noë 151 4.2.17 Domenico Pappafava 152 4.2.18 József Pantocsek 152 4.2.19 Franz Peter 153 4.2.20 Tomas Pichler 153 4.2.21 Joseph Rubrizius 154 4.2.22 Oto Sendtner 154 4.2.23 Luigi Stalio 155 4.3 Colleagues, Friends and Co-authors...................................................................155 4.3.1 Antonio Bertoloni 155 4.3.2 Abramo Massalongo 156 4.3.3 Antonio Mazzoleni 160 4.3.4 Giuseppe Meneghini 160 4.3.5 Josif Pančić 161 7 4.3.6 Alberto and Elisa Parolini 164 4.3.7 Filippo Parlatore 166 4.3.8 Niccolò Tommaseo 166 4.3.9 Muzio Tommasini 167 5. Geodatabase and Botanical Explorations..............................................................169 5.1 Te Geodatabase......................................................................................................169 5.1.1 Table of Objects: ogg 169 5.1.2 Table of Determinations: det 170 5.1.3 Table of Accepted Names: inhp 170 5.1.4 Table of Collaborators: per 171 5.1.5 Table of Places: geo 171 5.1.6 Table of Publications: bib 172 5.1.7 Table of Records: let 172 5.1.8 Table of Relations (Records/Places): letgeo 172 5.1.9 Table of Citations: cit 172 5.1.10 Table of Image Files: img 173 5.2 Geocoded Data.........................................................................................................173 5.3 Chronology of Botanical Exploration.................................................................174 5.3.1 Before Visiani’s Life 175 5.3.2 During Visiani’s Life 175 5.4 Correspondence between Records and Specimens.........................................179 5.5 An Inventory of Loci Classici...............................................................................180 6. Nomenclature and Taxonomy.................................................................................183 6.1 List of Nomenclatural Novelties by Visiani......................................................183 6.2 Typifcations.............................................................................................................184