Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Music in the blood & Poetry in the soul? National identity in the life and music of Grace Williams Cotterill, Graeme Award date: 2012 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? 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National identity in the life and music of Grace Williams Graeme James Cotterill Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Wales, Bangor 12 January 2012 CONTENTS Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Author's declarations iv Citations vii Introduction ix Chapter I Collective Culture 1 Grace Williams and the institutions of Welsh cultural heritage Chapter II Nation shall Speak unto Nation 37 Grace Williams and the BBC in Wales Chapter III Folk Song and Fantasy; Landscape and Legend 67 Two decades of Grace Williams's 'Welsh' works I: 1930-50 Chapter IV Linguistic Imposition and Inspiration 87 Two decades of Grace Williams's 'Welsh' works II: 1951-71 Chapter V How Welsh is Welsh Music? 109 External factors shaping Grace Williams's reception Bibliography The Appendix, a catalogue of Grace Williams's compositions, is supplied as a separate volume. Further volumes of this PhD comprise the present writer's scholarly editions of Williams's Four Illustrations for the Legend of Rhiannon Gogonedawg Arglwydd Four Mediaeval Welsh Poems Ballads Castell Caernarfon Missa Cambrensis ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to determine the relevance of the term 'Welsh composer' to the life and music of Grace Williams (1906-77). It first examines her relationship with the various institutions that have shaped the cultural life of Wales during the twentieth century, questioning particularly whether either party was able to exploit the resources of the other for their own and/or the wider Welsh people's benefit. The Welsh Region of the BBC is discussed in particular detail, but the impact of the policies and practices of Wales's Arts Council, National Eisteddfod, institutions of higher education, and performing artists upon Williams's output are also analysed. The second half of the thesis proceeds to examine those of Williams's works openly identified by their composer as having been influenced by her Welsh heritage: those that include native folk melodies (Hen Walia, 1930; Fantasia on Welsh Nursery Tunes, 1940); depict landscape and history (Four Illustrations for the Legend of Rhiannon, 1939; Symphonic Impressions, 1943); set Welsh texts (Gogonedawg Arglwydd, 1939; Four Mediaeval Welsh Poems, 1962); use poetic structures (Penillion, 1955; Ballads, 1968); or have no acknowledged programme beyond their Welsh-inflected title (Castell Caernarfon, 1969; Missa Cambrensis, 1971). Where otherwise unavailable, a compact history of the composition of each work is supplied (see also the prefaces to the accompanying scholarly editions), but this latter portion of the thesis prioritises musical concerns ahead of matters historical. To conclude, Williams's reception history amongst British and Welsh critics and audiences is examined for evidence that her nationality influenced not only how she composed, and for whom, but how she was widely perceived. The thesis is explicitly designed to be read alongside the present writer's scholarly editions of Four Illustrations for the Legend of Rhiannon, Gogonedawg Arglwydd, Four Mediaeval Welsh Poems, Ballads, Castell Caernarfon and Missa Cambrensis (submitted alongside it and fulfilling the requirements of the PhD degree). The text itself, therefore, includes very few musical examples, pointing instead to the relevant bar references. The Appendix to the thesis comprises a catalogue of Williams's extant works, updating and correcting those previously prepared by the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, and by Malcolm Boyd in his Grace Williams (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1980). Further material relating to Williams can be found in the present writer's 'Ambition Overshadowed: Grace Williams's symphonies evaluated' (MPhil dissertation, University of Wales, Bangor, 2007). ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Grateful acknowledgement is due to so many more people than there is space to include here – but I should particularly like to thank: Mrs Marian Glyn Evans and Mrs Eryl Freestone (for permission and trust) Mr Wyn Thomas and Professor Thomas Schmidt-Beste (for supervision and guidance) Dr David Evans, Dr Rhiannon Mathias and Ms Bethan Miles (for an endless flow of inspiration) Miss Jo Orr and Ms Gillian Griffith (for eternal patience) Barbara and Richard Cotterill; Chris and Eileen Owens (for being ever-present sources of support) Mrs Carol Beer (for every initial encouragement) The College of Arts, Education and the Humanities, Bangor University (for financial backing) The staff of the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth (for assistance at every turn) … and most importantly my wife, Miriam, to whom I would like to dedicate this thesis (for her unfailing love, patient understanding, and plentiful cups of tea) iii AUTHOR'S DECLARATIONS I hereby agree to deposit the following item in the digital repository maintained by Bangor University and/or in any other repository authorized for use by Bangor University. 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