Vol. 6 No. 1 This article is from *Sikh Research Journal*, the online peer-reviewed journal of Sikh and Punjabi Studies * Sikh Research Journal *Vol. 6. No. 1. Published: Spring 2021 http://sikhresearchjournal.org http://sikhfoundation.org Sikh Research Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1 50 The Shadows of Empire: British Imperial and Sikh History on the Streets of Westminster, London Ranveer (Rav) Singh Founder, A Little History of the Sikhs Abstract This paper presents field and desk research to give a Sikh perspective on the memorials of British imperialists and Sikhs of the Indian Army found in the City of Westminster, a borough located in Central London, United Kingdom. Given the concentration of sites of national importance and heritage, the streets of Westminster contain a wealth of memorials, artefacts and events which also are connected to Sikh political and military history, the region of Punjab and the Sikh people. The individuals commemorated on the streets of Westminster represent a palpable history of the Sikhs and the Kingdom of Lahore, the East India Company in the Anglo- Sikh Wars and the Indian uprising of 1857, and soldiers and officers serving in the Indian Army in the two World Wars and conflicts in the first half of the 20th century. Keywords: Sikh heritage, Westminster, East India Company, British empire, Indian army Introduction During the mid-1990s Sikh heritage in the UK began to emerge as an area of greater research for a small number of organizations, primarily, the Anglo-Sikh Heritage Trail (ASHT), Sikh Heritage Association Warwick & Leamington (SHAWL) and the UK Panjab Heritage Association (UKPHA, www.ukpha.org). These organizations grew in areas ranging from major exhibitions and book publications, in the case of UKPHA; a heritage trail and commemorative events, in the case of SHAWL and ASHT; and the establishment of the National Sikh Heritage Centre & Holocaust Museum in Derby (www.nationalsikhmuseum.com) by a group of individuals who mapped a range of artefacts in London that came from Ranjit Singh’s Kingdom of Lahore. The present research grows out of the author’s community initiative called ‘A Little History of the Sikhs,’ which formally began in November 2014 (Singh, 2020). This initiative includes walking tours of Sikh heritage sites throughout London. The author maintains a database of over 100 locations within the 32 boroughs of London, each of which can reveal an insight into Sikh history and heritage, and collectively are connected together to present a range of themed walking tours. Sikh Research Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1 51 This paper focuses on sites and individuals associated with the annexation of the Kingdom of Lahore in 1849, the Indian uprising of 1857, and the two World Wars. These monuments, memorials and citations are ever-present in London but exist as shadows – they are seldom explicitly recognized or acknowledged. The paper provides visibility to tangible aspects of Sikh history in locations in London where many would not realize their presence. The paper begins with a short overview of the City of Westminster, in which many of London’s world-famous institutions and international tourist attractions are found. These include commemorative statues, memorials and dedications to a number of individuals, of which many in prominent locations are associated with the East India Company, the British Empire, and Sikhs who served in the Indian Army. Extracts and illustrations from The Illustrated London News, the world’s first illustrated publication, printed from The Strand in Westminster, depict some of the individuals presented in this paper. Next, the paper provides background on the East India Company, and the subsequent relationship between the British and the Sikhs when the Company was replaced by the British crown (the “Raj”). The relationships between the Sikhs, and the British were complex, going beyond initial conflict and subsequent service, to include aspects of nationalism, revolution and religious expression, though much of those aspects of history is beyond the current scope. The manuscripts, artefacts and documents that can be found in London highlight the multiple facets of the traditions of the Sikhs – not only warriors in service of the British Empire, but also as a community of artists, and musicians, activists and leaders, with a rich history before the arrival of the British in Punjab. The paper proceeds by exploring the Sikh presence, direct and indirect, in a selection of sites in Westminster. The order of presentation is based on a combination of location and chronology. It ends with a summary conclusion. The City of Westminster The City of Westminster is a large London borough to the west of the ancient City of London and east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (provided a complementary treatment in Singh, 2020). Within the borough are located the many tourist attractions that are associated with London, including Buckingham Palace, 10 Downing Street, the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey and Trafalgar Square. The famous shopping districts of Oxford Street, Regent Street and Bond Street are also there, as well as a number of the Royal Parks – Hyde Park, St James’s Park and Green Park. Given the concentration of sites of national importance and heritage, the streets of Westminster contain a wealth of memorials, artefacts and other markers of Sikh Research Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1 52 past events. This includes the more well-known locations such as Caxton Hall, Westminster, the site at which Sikh activist Udham Singh shot dead Sir Michael O’Dwyer in 1940, in retaliation for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, 1919, and Buckingham Palace, which houses many artefacts from Punjab within The Royal Collection. 195-198, The Strand – The Illustrated London News Figure 1 – Ingram House, 195 The Strand The Illustrated London News was the world’s first illustrated newspaper, founded at Ingram House on The Strand (Figure 1), by Herbert Ingram. The first issue of the Illustrated London News was published on 14 May 1842 (Orme, 1986). With the Kingdom of Lahore annexed by the British in the late 1840s, the newspaper articles in The Illustrated London News provided eye-witness accounts of the generals and governors of the East India Company and their accounts of the Punjab. Articles and illustrations in the newspaper featured not only the battles of the Anglo-Sikh Wars, Maharaja Duleep Singh (the ruler of the Punjab), and British views of the annexation of the Punjab, but also regularly presented accounts of the Sikh faith and the rich landscape of the Kingdom of Lahore and the Punjab region (the land of the five rivers), the Harmandir Sahib Sikh Research Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1 53 in Amritsar (more commonly known as the Golden Temple) and the Akalis (the Sikh order of warriors, a subset of the Khalsa), as well as reports on the development of villages and infrastructure in Punjab in the second half of the 19th century. The author’s collection of mid-19th century newspapers includes articles and images from the Illustrated London News, which feature the historical figures presented in this paper, and are included as Figure 2 and 3. Figure 2 – Sir John Lawrence Figure 3 – Sir John Malcolm Figure 4 shows the front-page report in the Illustrated London News, titled “Victories in the Punjab”, featuring Lord Gough and details of the Battle of Chillianwallah. Sikh Research Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1 54 Figure 4: The Illustrated London News, No. 368, week ending Sat. April 28, 1849 Sikh Research Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1 55 The East India Company “The East India Company grew from being a loose association of British Elizabethan tradesmen in the early 1600s into the Grandest Society of Merchants in the Universe” (Keay, 1991) within two centuries. The Company first established a British presence in the spice trade in 1608, which until then had been monopolized by Spain and Portugal. The company’s management was remarkably efficient and economical, reflected through the growth in its staff. In 1608, the East India Company had a workforce of only six staff, and operated from the residence of the first governor, Sir Thomas Smythe. By 1700 the workforce had increased to 35 employees and moved to a small office in London and by 1785, it had grown to become a huge commercial entity, with a workforce of 159 staff, controlling a vast empire of millions of people, from London (Moosa, 2019). In 1833, the Government of India Act 1833 (Saint Helena Act) created the title of Governor-General of India. Lord William Bentinck was first to be designated as the Governor General of India. The company eventually became a powerful agent of British imperialism in South Asia and effectively the colonial ruler of large parts of India. The company’s army played a notorious role in the unsuccessful uprising (also called the Indian Mutiny) of 1857–58, in which Indian soldiers in the company’s employ led an armed revolt against their British officers. During more than a year of fighting, both sides committed atrocities, including massacres of civilians. The Company’s reprisals however far outweighed the violence of the rebels. The Company’s army commanders included Colonel James Neill, Major- General Sir Henry Havelock and Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram. Neil and Havelock “saw themselves as agents of a stern Providence, chosen by God to chastise, avenge and pacify. Neither flinched from the use of terror in a cause which they believed had Divine approval and against an enemy who were, in Havelock’s words, ‘devil’s incarnate’. Lucifer was loose in India and he had to be checked with fire and sword.” (James, 1997). The officers and generals of the East India Company have been described by historian William Dalrymple as “the first great multinational corporation, and the first to run amok – was the ultimate model for many of today’s joint-stock corporations.” Some of the generals and officers described in this chapter and memorialized in Westminster offer an insight into the workings of the East India Company, which has been described as “history’s most terrifying warning about the Sikh Research Journal, Vol.