CONF-781046 ^ U.S. Department of Energy October 1978 Luray, Virginia Coordinated by the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory for the Assistant Secretary for Energy Technology Division of Energy Storage Systems Proceedings of the 1978 Mechanical and Magnetic Energy Storage Contractors' Review Meeting 05- v CONF-781046 U.S. Department of Energy October 24-26,1978 Dist. Category UC-94b Coordinated by the Luray, Virginia Lawrence Livermore Laboratory for the Assistant Secretary for Energy Technology Division of Energy Storage Systems Washington, D.C. 20545 Proceedings of the 1978 Mechanical and Magnetic Energy Storage Contractors' Review Meeting Edited by: G. C. Chang T. M. Barlow -NOTICE- Thil report was prepared 21 in accotnl of work sponsored by the United Stiles Government- Neither the United Stites nor the United Stites Depsnment of Energy, noi any of their employees, nor uiy of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, maKes any warranty, express or Implied, or awimes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE v OPENING REMARKS - George C. Chang vi WELCOME - James H. Swisher vii FLYWHEELS Thomas M. Barlow, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, "Mechanical Energy Storage Technology Development for Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Applications" 3 Robert F. McAlevy, Robert F. McAlevy & Associates, "The Impact of Mechanical-Energy-Storage Device Addition on the Performance of Electric Vehicles" 13 Arthur E. Raynard, Garrett-AiResearch, "Advanced Flywheel Energy Storage Unit for a High Power Energy Source for Vehicular Use" 27 Edward L. Lustenader, General Electric Company, "Regenerative Flywheel Energy Storage System" 33 D. W. Rabenhorst, Johns Hopkins University, "Low Cost Flywheel Demon- stration" 43 James A. Rinde, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, "Materials Progr&m for Fiber Composite Flywheel: 55 R. G. Stone, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, "The Laminated Disk Flywheel Program: A Rotor Development Project by LLL and G. E. Co 67 B. B. Smith, Union Carbide Corporation, "Flywheel Test Facility" 75 Robert 0. Woods, Sandia Laboratories, "Overview of Component Development... 81 E. David Reedy, Jr., Sandia Laboratories, "Sandia Composite-Rim Flywheel Development" 87 A. Keith Miller, Sandia Laboratories, "Structural Modeling of Thick-Rim Rotor" 93 Mel Baer, Sandia Laboratories, "Aerodynamic Heating of High-Speed Fly- wheels in Low-Density Environments" 99 M. W. Eusepi, Mechanical Technology, Inc., "The Application of Fluid Film Bearings and a Passive Magnetic Suspension to Energy Storage Flywheel s" Ill David B. Eisenhaure, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratories, "Low-Loss Ball Bearings for Flywheel Applications" 123 I. Anwar, The Franklin Institute, "Seal Studies for Advanced Flywheel Systems" 129 Flywheels (Conf d) Francis C. Younger, William M. Brobeck and Associates, "A Composite Flywheel for Vehicle Use" 141 P. Ward Hill, Hercules, Inc., "Progress in Composite Flywheel Development" 155 Donald E. Davis, Rockwell International, "Advanced Composite Flywheel for Vehicle Application" 163 D. L. Satchwell, Garrett-AiResearch, "High-Energy-Density Flywheel".. 171 SOLAR MECHANICAL B. C. Caskey, Sandia Laboratories, "Solar Mechanical Energy Storage Project" 179 David G. Uliman, Union College, "The Band Type Variable Inertia Fly- wheel and Fixed Ratio Power Recirculation Applied To It" 185 Arthur G. Erdman, University of Minnesota, "Cellulosic Flywheels".... 195 John M. Vance, Texas A&M University, "A Concept for Suppression of Non-synchronous Whirl in Flexible Flywheels" 205 Francis C. Younger, William M. Brobeck and Associates, "Conceptual Design of a Flywheel Energy Storage System" 211 Theodore W. Place, Garrett-AiResearch, "Residential Flywheel with Turbine Supply" 227 SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE R. W. Boom, University of Wisconsin, "Superconductive Diurnal Energy Storage Studies" 237 S. van Sciver, University of Wisconsin, "Recent Component Development Studies for Superconductive Magnetic Energy Storage" 247 R. L. Cresap, Bonneville Power Corporation, "Power System Stability Using Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Dynamic Character- istics of the BPA System" 253 Paul C. Krause, Purdue University, "Hybrid Computer Study of a SMES Unit for Damping Power System Oscillations" 263 John D. Rogers, Jr., Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, "Super- conducting Magnetic Energy Storage" 271 Carl Chowaniec, Westinghouse Electric Corp., "Superconducting Mag- netic Energy Storage for Power System Stability Applications" 283 UNDERGROUND PUMPED HYDROELECTRIC STORAGE Shiu-Wing Tarn, Argonne National Laboratory, "Underground Pumped Hydro Storage -- An Overview" 293 Underground Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (Cont'd) J. Degnan, Allis-Chaimers Corp., "Evaluation of One and Two Stage High Head Pump/Turbine Design for Underground Power Stations" 305 Alexander Gokhman, University of Miami, "Multistage Turbine-Pump with Controlled Flow Rate" 315 COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE Walter V. Loscutoff, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, " Compressed Ai r Energy Storage Program Overvi ew" "331 L. E. Wiles, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, "Fluid Flow and Thermal Analysis for CAES in Porous Rock Reservoirs" 337 J. R. Friley, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, "Thermo Mechanical Stress Analysis of Porous Rock Reservoirs" 349 J. A. Stottlemyre, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, "Potential Air/Water/Rock Interactions in a Porous Media CAES Reservoir" 355 P. F. Gnirk, RE/Spec Inc., "Preliminary Design and Stability Criteria for CAES Hard Rock Caverns" 363 R. L. Thorns, Louisiana State University, "Preliminary Long-Term Stability Criteria for CAES Caverns in Salt Domes" 375 H. J. Pincus, University of Wisconsin, "Fabric Analysis of Rock Subjected to Cycling with Heated, Compressed Air" 385 Shosei Serata, Serata Geomechanics Inc., "Numerical Modeling of Beha- vior of Caverns in Salt for CAES" 393 Frederick W. Ahrens, Argonne National Laboratory, "The Design Optimization of Aquifer Reservoir-Based CAES" 403 George T. Kartsounes, Argonne National Laboratory, "Evaluation of Turbo-Machinery for Compressed Air Energy Storage Plants" 417 George T. Kartsounes, Argonne National Laboratory, "Evaluation of the Use of Reciprocating Engines in Compressed Air Energy Storage PI ants" 427 Walter V. Loscutoff, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, "Advanced CAES Systems Studies" 439 Gerrard T. Flynn, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Solar Thermal Augmentation of CAES" 449 Table of Contents (Cont'd) APPENDICES Alan Mi liner, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory, "The Application of Flywheel Energy Storage Tech- nology to Solar Photovoltaic Power Systems" 457 Program... 463 List of Attendees 469 IV PREFACE The Mechanical and Magnetic Energy Storage Annual Contractors' Review Meeting was held in Luray, Virginia, on October 24-26, 1978, to review the current research and development activities being carried out in these programmatic areas by the Department of Energy's Division of Energy Storage Systems. Approximately 140 representatives from government, national labor- atories, universities and industry attended the three-day meeting, during which 45 presentations were made by major DOE contractors and subcontractors. Within the Division of Energy Storage systems, the responsibility for the development of mechanical and magnetic energy storage lies within the Advanced Physical Methods Branch. Included are five technology areas — flywheels, mechanical energy storage for solar/wind applications, compressed air energy storage, underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage, and superconducting magnetic energy storage. Applications for the technology include ground transportation, solar energy systems, and large-scale electric utility systems. The meeting was organized and conducted by the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory under the direction of Dr. George C. Chang, Chief, Advanced Physical Methods Branch of the Division of Energy Storage Systems. Session chairmen were selected from the active program participants for the eight designated technical sessions. Specific arrangements for the respective sessions were coordinated through the session chairmen. Credit for the success of this meeting is largely due to the active support of these session chairmen, as well as that of the individual speakers and of the Bradford National Corporation, through whom the administrative arrangements for the meeting were made. The technical papers which make up these proceedings were individually propared by the responsible contractors and subcontractors; the function of the "editors" in this case has been primarily that of reviewing the individual submissions for completeness and assembling the document for printing. Technical editing, in the formal sense, has been minimal. Thomas M. Barlow, Chairman Mechanical and Magnetic Energy Storage Annual Contractors Review Meeting-1978 OPENING REMARKS George C. Chang As the Branch Chief for Advanced Physical Methods, I am happy to welcome you to the 1978 Mechanical and Magnetic Energy Storage Contractors' Review Meeting. We envision this to be the first of a series of annual meetings for which there are two purposes. The first is to make it possible for DOE Headquarters personnel to obtain, with a minimum of travel, a comprehensive overview of our programs and an acquaintance with the participants. The second