J836_Profile Map Leaflet 3/9/04 9:36 AM Page 1 Cover Image: Malham Cove Malham Image: Cover Once in a Lifetime a in Once Website: www.nationaltrail.co.uk Website: 1 Crowden Beck Email: [email protected] Email: “To look at the scenery Telephone: 00 44 (0)113 246 9222 246 (0)113 44 00 Telephone: Sovereign Street, Leeds, LS1 4BA, UK. 4BA, LS1 Leeds, Street, Sovereign without trying to 4th Floor, Victoria Wharf, No.4 The Embankment, Embankment, The No.4 Wharf, Victoria Floor, 4th The Countryside Agency, Yorkshire and Humber Region, Region, Humber and Yorkshire Agency, Countryside The understand the rock The Pennine Way National Trail Officer, Officer, Trail National Way Pennine The For more information contact: information more For Kirk Yetholm Wooler is like listening to poetry The Cheviot in an unknown language. 8 815m You hear the beauty, but you miss the meaning” Norman Nicholson, Portrait of the Lakes, Faber 1963 and equivalent area equivalent and National Park National The Deposition but not yet open yet not but High Cup Nick 5 Triassic mudstones National Trail approved Trail National Permian and triassic sandstones There are three main bands of rock that make up the Permian & Triassic Permian mudstones National Trail National Magnesian Limestone Pennines: Carboniferous Limestone,The Yoredale Series Permian basal breccias, sandstones and mudstones* and Millstone Grit. Westphalian (Coal Measures) Carboniferous Bellingham Namurian (Millstone Grit)* CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE Tournaisian and Visean (Carboniferous Limestone)* Devonian Upper Old Red Sandstone Some 400 million years ago the current location of the Ludlow Silurian Wenlock Pennine Way was covered by a shallow clear sea of a Llandovery Andesitic and basaltic lavas and tuffs constant temperature in which corals grew. As corals died Basalt and spilite Extrusive Igneous Rock their hard spikey exteriors sank along with the shells of 7 Tuff, mainly andesitic Andesitic lava and tuff dead sea creatures. Over the years these layers of crushed Basalt, dolerite and camptonite* Intrusive Igneous Rock Haltwhistle Granite* coral and shells came together to form a huge layer of limestone up to 150 metres thick. NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE *see text Geology information derived from the Geological map of the United Kingdom, 3rd Edition Solid 1979 These are exposed at Castleton to the south of Edale near the start of the Pennine Way but are not actually seen on 0 20km Wolds Way Wolds the Pennine Way until around Skipton. Yorkshire Yorkshire Alston YOREDALE SERIES Above the limestone are the Yoredale Rocks consisting of beds of less pure limestone, shales and sandstones. The calm clear conditions of the carboniferous seas that and Wales and Cross Fell 893m 4 lead to the formation of limestone changed with the in England England in Profile and Geology Map Geology and Profile 3 spread of a large river delta from the north.The river that 5 Trails formed this delta carried mud and sand into the areas 6 Middleton-in-Teesdale Pennine Way Pennine where limestone had been accumulating. During this time National Dufton the riverbed was slowly sinking at an irregular rate. Sometimes the deposition of river-borne material was sufficient to create shallow water conditions and form sand Bowes flats.When the rate of subsidence was quicker, only fine mud reached the sea, the coarser materials being deposited further north.At other times even the mud didn’t make it so far south and so limestone would again accumulate. Dufton Village 6 This leaflet is intended to help walkers plan The Mountain Code Keld In this way the bands of limestone, shale and sandstone that make up the Yoredale Series were formed. their walk along the Pennine Way National G Know how to use a map and compass. Trail.The profile map on the reverse side of G Know the weather signs and local forecast; MILLSTONE GRIT this sheet shows how far and how much plan within your capabilities. Hawes Overlying the Yoredale Rocks and capping the hilltops of the G Know simple first aid and the symptoms Pennines is the Millstone Grit. Created in a time when climb is involved in each section. It also gives of exposure. rivers flowing from a continent including Greenland, Scotland an indication of how long each section will G Take windproofs and fleece. and Scandanavia spread deposits of sand and mud over an extensive delta to form the Millstone Grit. take to walk. G Ensure someone knows your plans. 2 G Keep alert all day! From Kinder Scout to Cross Fell these grits form edges Horton-in-Ribblesdale (Standedge, Blackstone Edge) and sometimes top the hills This side of the leaflet is intended to give with flat tops (Cross Fell, Great Shunner Fell). walkers on the Pennine Way National Trail Pen-y-ghent 2 Interested? Desert Sands Malham a simple explanation of the rocks they are 4 Cauldron Snout In partnership with Aurum Press the Countryside Agency The youngest rocks you will encounter on the Pennine Way passing over, and to illustrate how these has published an official guide for the Pennine Way National are in the Eden Valley. Here Permian and Triassic Strata Gargrave Hadrian’s Wall 7 rocks relate to the landscape you see. Trail which has been written by local expert Tony Hopkins abut against the Carboniferous Strata. These beds of and comes in two parts – South ISBN 1854 106 724 and New Red Sandstone accumulated in desert conditions. The map to the left shows the geology of North ISBN 1854 108 514. It is commonly seen in the building stone used to build the Earby the area, and the text gives a brief description houses and farms of Dufton. To help you plan your walk, comprehensive public transport of how it happened. and accommodation leaflets are also available from www.nationaltrail.co.uk Cheviots 8 The Pennine Way Association produces an Accommodation and Information Guide and further information can be found High Force 3 by contacting them via: Hebden Bridge Intrusions John Needham, 23 Woodland Crescent, Hilton Park, Prestwich, Manchester, M25 9WQ, UK. Towards the end of the Carboniferous period a sheet of Dolerite was intruded into the strata over a wide area. This is called the Whin Sill, which is responsible for the high waterfalls at High Force and Cauldron Snout, the Columnar Crags of High Cup Nick and the heights followed by Hadrian’s Wall. Erosion MANCHESTER All deposits described above formed a level plateau. 1 From this plateau the Pennines we see today were formed. First by rivers carving out their valleys as the land was Volcanic Activity uplifted.Then in more recent geological times by the Ice Age, In contrast to all the steady deposition further south, This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Edale which covered all but the tops of the Pennines under an Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office further north in Northumberland there was a large volcano c Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and ice cap.The glaciers smoothed the hillsides, broadened and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. The Countryside Agency, John Dower House, Crescent Place, scoured the valleys, and as they retreated, plastered the lower pouring out ash and lava into which the granite of the Cheltenham, Gloucestershire GL50 3RA Cheviot itself was later intruded. c The Countryside Agency 2003 Licence No. 100018881 grounds with moraines and layers of clay and boulders. Photography © McCoy Wynne and David Phillips. J836_Profile Map Leaflet 3/9/04 9:36 AM Page 1 Cover Image: Malham Cove Malham Image: Cover Once in a Lifetime a in Once Website: www.nationaltrail.co.uk Website: 1 Crowden Beck Email: [email protected] Email: “To look at the scenery Telephone: 00 44 (0)113 246 9222 246 (0)113 44 00 Telephone: Sovereign Street, Leeds, LS1 4BA, UK. 4BA, LS1 Leeds, Street, Sovereign without trying to 4th Floor, Victoria Wharf, No.4 The Embankment, Embankment, The No.4 Wharf, Victoria Floor, 4th The Countryside Agency, Yorkshire and Humber Region, Region, Humber and Yorkshire Agency, Countryside The understand the rock The Pennine Way National Trail Officer, Officer, Trail National Way Pennine The For more information contact: information more For Kirk Yetholm Wooler is like listening to poetry The Cheviot in an unknown language. 8 815m You hear the beauty, but you miss the meaning” Norman Nicholson, Portrait of the Lakes, Faber 1963 and equivalent area equivalent and National Park National The Deposition but not yet open yet not but High Cup Nick 5 Triassic mudstones National Trail approved Trail National Permian and triassic sandstones There are three main bands of rock that make up the Permian & Triassic Permian mudstones National Trail National Magnesian Limestone Pennines: Carboniferous Limestone,The Yoredale Series Permian basal breccias, sandstones and mudstones* and Millstone Grit. Westphalian (Coal Measures) Carboniferous Bellingham Namurian (Millstone Grit)* CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE Tournaisian and Visean (Carboniferous Limestone)* Devonian Upper Old Red Sandstone Some 400 million years ago the current location of the Ludlow Silurian Wenlock Pennine Way was covered by a shallow clear sea of a Llandovery Andesitic and basaltic lavas and tuffs constant temperature in which corals grew. As corals died Basalt and spilite Extrusive Igneous Rock their hard spikey exteriors sank along with the shells of 7 Tuff, mainly andesitic Andesitic lava and tuff dead sea creatures. Over the years these layers of crushed Basalt, dolerite and camptonite* Intrusive Igneous Rock Haltwhistle Granite* coral and shells came together to form a huge layer of limestone up to 150 metres thick. NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE *see text Geology information derived from the Geological map of the United Kingdom, 3rd Edition Solid 1979 These are exposed at Castleton to the south of Edale near the start of the Pennine Way but are not actually seen on 0 20km Wolds Way Wolds the Pennine Way until around Skipton.