78-5805 ARNOLD, Judith Warren, 1950- SOCIAL STATUS RESIDENTIAL DISTRIBUTION IN METROPOLITAN PUERTO RICO: 1960-1970. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1977 Sociology, general University Microfilms International,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1978 JUDITH WARREN ARNOLD ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SOCIAL STATUS RESIDENTIAL DISTRIBUTION IN METROPOLITAN PUERTO RICO: 1960-1970 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Judith Warren Arnold, B. A., M. A. ★ * ★ ★ The Ohio State University 1977 Reading Committee: Approved By Professor Kent P. Schwirian Professor Simon Dinitz Professor Robert M. Jiobu Adviser Department of Sociology DEDICATION For Ethel Fowler Powlison whose encouragement never diminished. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to all who gave direction, aid, and sympathy to me during this undertaking. It has been a fortunate and rewarding experience during my graduate school years to make the acquaintance of many people, but three in particular greatly increased my knowledge in many ways. For furthering my comprehension of methodol­ ogy and statistics and their many subtleties, many thanks go to Dr. Robert Jiobu. For augmenting and abetting my familiarity with matters of criminology and the state of sociology in general, my thanks go to Dr. Simon Dinitz. For nuturing and sustaining my interest in human ecology, methodology, and life after graduate school, and for major guidance throughout my graduate career, my greatest thanks and appreci­ ation to Dr. Kent P. Schwirian. To each of them I owe a debt of grat­ itude that extends beyond mere knowledge of my subject matter. To my peers, who made certain that I maintained some semblance of humanity and humility during this process, thank you. I needed that. Finally, thank you, Ruthy Keyes, for typing what I couldn't, when I couldn't and doing it very well and very quickly. VITA March 12, 1950 ................ Bom-Geneva, New York 1972 .......................... B. A., University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 1973 .......................... M. A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1973-1975 .................... Teaching Associate, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1976 .......................... Lecturer, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Lima, Ohio 1976-1977 Teaching Associate, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Instructor, Department of Psychology and Sociology, Otterbein College, Westerville, Ohio 1977- . Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois PRESENTATIONS "Primacy: A Puzzling Phenomenon Revisited." North Central Sociological Association Meetings, Columbus, Ohio, May 1975. "Spatial and Temporal Aspects of the Density-Distance Relationship." Presented with Kent P. Schwirian and William A. Schwab at the North Central Sociological Association Meetings, Louisville, Kentucky, May 1976. iv PUBLICATIONS "Spatial and Temporal Aspects of the Density-Distance Relationship," with William A. Schwab and Kent P. Schwirian. Sociological Focus 10 (April 1977), pp. 117-132. FIELDS OF STUDY Human Ecology and Urban Sociology Professor Kent P. Schwirian Methodology and Statistics Professor Robert M. Jiobu Criminology Professor Simon Dinitz v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION .................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................ iii VITA ......................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .............................................. viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 The Problem ......................................... 1 Contributions and Justification ..................... 8 The Scope ........ 9 The Setting ......................................... 10 II. SOCIAL STATUS RESIDENTIAL DISTRIBUTION: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................. 20 Introduction ....................................... 20 The Latin American Problem ......................... 21 The North American Problem ......................... 33 The Evolutionary Sequence .......................... 48 III. METHODOLOGY AND HYPOTHESES ............................ 62 Data and Variables ................................. 62 Techniques of Analysis ............................. 64 The Hypotheses ..................................... 71 IV. METROPOLITAN GROWTH AND CITY-FRINGE DIFFERENTIATION ...................................... 76 Introduction ....................................... 76 Metropolitan Growth ................................ 79 City-Fringe Differentiation ........................ 95 vi V. STATUS GROUP RESIDENTIAL DISSIMILARITY, SEGREGATION AND LOCATION ............................ 130 Status Group Residential Dissimilarity and Segregation ................................... 130 Status Group Residential Location and Characteristics of Areas .......................... 190 VI. CONCLUSIONS ..................................... 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................... 218 VII LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Employed Males by Industrial Category: 1899 and 1970 ... 15 2. Population Size, City-Fringe Distribution, and Intercensus Growth Rates for Puerto Rican Metropolitan Areas: 1899-1970 ......................... 80 3. Population Size and Growth of Municipio Components for the San Juan Metropolitan Area: 1899-1970 ........ 88 4. Population by Barrios and Intercensus Growth for Ponce: 1899-1970 91 5. Population by Barrios and Intercensus Growth Rates for Mayaguez: 1899-1970 .............................. 95 6. Population by Barrios and Intercensus Growth Rates for Caguas: 1899-1970 ................................ 98 7. Metropolitan Social Characteristics: Employment in Agriculture and Manufacturing for Males: 1940-1970 .. 101 8. White Collar Composition of City and Fringe Population for Puerto Rico's Metropolitan Areas: 1940-1970 107 9. Literacy Composition of City and Fringe Population for Puerto Rico's Metropolitan Areas: 1930-1970 ....... 110 10. Family Income Composition and Fringe Population for Puerto Rico's Metropolitan Areas: 1960 and 1970 ....... 112 11. Fertility for City and Fringe of Puerto Rico's Metropolitan Areas: 1930-1970 ......................... 115 12. Median Age for City and Fringe for Puerto Rico's Metropolitan Areas: 1930-1970 ......................... 118 13. Percent of Housing by Year Built for Puerto Rico's Metropolitan Areas: 1970 .............................. 121 14. Percent of Owner-occupied Housing and Median Rent for Puerto Rico's Metropolitan Areas: 1970 ............ 122 15. Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Family Income Groups in the San Juan Metropolitan Area: 1960 and 1970............... 132 16. Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Occupational Groups of Males 14 years of Age and Over for the San Juan Metropolitan Area: 1960 and 1970 .... 133 17. Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Educational Groups of Persons 25 Years of Age and Over for the San Juan Metropolitan Area: 1960 and 1970. „ 135 viii Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Family Income Groups for San Juan City: 1960 and 1970 ....... 137 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Occupational Groups of Males 14 Years of Age and Over for San Juan City: 1960 and 1970 ................ 139 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Educational Groups of Persons 25 Years of Age and Over for San Juan City: 1960 and 1970 ................ 141 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Family Income Groups for the San Juan Fringe: 1960 and 1970 .. 142 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Occupational Groups of Males 14 Years of Age and Over for the San Juan Fringe: 1960 and 1970 .......... 144 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Educational Groups of Persons 25 Years of Age and Over for the San Juan Fringe: 1960 and 1970 ....................... 146 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Family Income Groups in the Ponce Metropolitan Area: 1960 and 1970 ......................................... 150 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Occupational Groups of Males Age 14 Years and Over for the Ponce Metropolitan Area: 1960 and 1970 ....... 152 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Educational Groups 25 Years of Age and Over for the Ponce Metropolitan Area: 1960 and 1970 ....... 154 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Family Income Groups for Ponce City: 1960 and 1970 .......... 156 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Occupational Groups of Males 14 Years of Age and Older for Ponce City: 1960 and 1970................ 158 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Educational Groups of Persons 25 Years of Age and Older for Ponce City: 1960 and 1970 .............. 160 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Family Income Groups for the Ponce Fringe: 1960 and 1970 ......................................... 162 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Occupational Groups of Males 14 Years of Age and Over for the Ponce Fringe: 1960 and 1970 .......... 163 Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Educational Groups of Persons 25 Years of Age and Over for the Ponce Fringe: 1960 and 1970.......... 165 ix 33. Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Family Income Groups for the Mayaguez Metro­ politan Area: 1960 and 1970 ........................... 169 34. Indexes of Dissimilarity and Segregation for Occupational Groups of Males 14 Years of Age