RESEARCH ARTICLE Neoplasia . Vol. 7, No. 11, November 2005, pp. 1011 – 1019 1011 www.neoplasia.com The Polycomb Group Protein EZH2 Impairs DNA Repair in Breast Epithelial Cells1 Michael Zeidler*, Sooryanarayana Varambally*,y, Qi Cao*, Arul M. Chinnaiyan*,y,z, David O. Ferguson*, § y Sofia D. Merajver*, and Celina G. Kleer*, *Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI, USA; yComprehensive Cancer and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI, USA; zDepartment of Urology, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI, USA; §Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI, USA Abstract The Polycomb group protein EZH2 is a transcriptional Polycomb group proteins (PcG) and their counterpart, the repressor involved in controlling cellular memory and Trithorax group proteins (TrxG) [3]. Both maintain spatial has been linked to aggressive and metastatic breast patterns of homeotic box gene expression, which occur early cancer. Here we report that EZH2 decreased the ex- during embryonic development of Drosophila. TrxG act as pression of five RAD51 paralog proteins involved in activators and maintain the ‘‘on stage’’ of gene expression, homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA double- whereas PcG act as repressors and maintain the ‘‘off stage’’ strand breaks (RAD51B/RAD51L1, RAD51C/RAD51L2, of gene expression. At least two PcG complexes with distinct RAD51D/RAD51L3, XRCC2, and XRCC3), but did not functions and target genes have been found: Polycomb Re- affect the levels of DMC1, a gene that only functions pression Complex (PRC)-2, which consists of EZH2/embryonic in meiosis. EZH2 overexpression impaired the forma- ectoderm development (EED) [4] and Su(z)12 [5], among other tion of RAD51 repair foci at sites of DNA breaks. Over- proteins, and PRC-1 [6], which consists of Ring1, Mel18, Mph1, expression of EZH2 resulted in decreased cell survival Bmi1, and Mpc2, among other proteins. In human malignan- and clonogenic capacity following DNA damage in- cies, PcG and TrxG have been found to be dysregulated first duced independently by etoposide and ionizing radia- in neoplasms of hematopoietic origin, but also in solid tumors, tion. We suggest that EZH2 may contribute to breast including breast and prostate carcinomas [7–16]. tumorigenesis by specific downregulation of RAD51- EZH2 is the human homologue of the PcG Enhancer of like proteins and by impairment of HR repair. We pro- Zeste and is involved in gene silencing [3]. EZH2 contains vide mechanistic insights into the function of EZH2 a SET domain, a highly conserved domain found in many in mammalian cells and uncover a link between EZH2, chromatin-associated histone methyltransferases. EZH2 and a regulator of homeotic gene expression, and HR DNA its binding partners EED and Suz(12) interact directly with repair. Our study paves the way for exploring the block- type 1 histone deacetylases (HDACs), and this has been sug- ade of EZH2 overexpression as a novel approach for gested to be part of the silencing mechanism [17–19]. Fur- the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. thermore, recent studies have demonstrated that PRC-2 Neoplasia (2005) 7, 1011–1019 complexes methylate H3-K9 and K27 in vitro, with a strong preference for K27 [20–25]. Methylation of both H3-K9 and H3- Keywords: EZH2, breast cancer, homologous recombination, RAD51 paralogs, DNA repair. K27 is thought to be involved in targeting PRC-1 to specific genetic loci [23,26]. At present, the mechanism of function of EZH2 in the development of malignant tumors is unknown. The mammalian genome is at constant risk of mutation as Introduction a result of damage to DNA. This can occur due to extrinsic or Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and second intrinsic insults. Hampered DNA double-strand break (DSB) leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women in the repair may lead to structural chromosomal abnormalities and Western world [1]. Despite advances in early detection and treatment, once distant metastases develop, the disease is Abbreviations: HR, homologous recombination; DSB, double-strand break; PcG, Polycomb (at present) incurable. There is a need to better understand group proteins Address all correspondence to: Celina G. Kleer, MD, Department of Pathology, University of the molecular events that lead to breast cancer development Michigan Medical School, 3510C MSRB1, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI and progression to improve the design of clinical tests and 48109-0605. E-mail: [email protected] 1This work was supported, in part, by National Institutes of Health grants R01CA107469 (C.G.K.), novel targeted treatments. CA090876-K08 (C.G.K.), and R01CA77612 (A.M.C.); Army grants DAMD17-02-1-0490 and Perturbations of the transcriptional memory of a cell DAMD17-02-1-491 (C.G.K.); the Burroughs Wellcome Research Fund (S.D.M.); and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (S.D.M). may lead to developmental defects and cancer [2,3]. Two Received 18 July 2005; Revised 26 August 2005; Accepted 29 August 2005. groups of proteins have long been found to be involved Copyright D 2005 Neoplasia Press, Inc. All rights reserved 1522-8002/05/$25.00 in the maintenance of heritable transcription patterns: the DOI 10.1593/neo.05472 1012 EZH2 Impairs DNA Repair Zeidler et al. aneuploidy, which may result in cell death or neoplastic trans- were grown in F12 supplemented with 5% FBS, 10 mg/ml formation [27–30]. The two main mechanisms used to repair insulin, and 500 ng/ml hydrocortisone. DSB are homologous recombination (HR), which promotes accurate repair of DSB by copying intact information from an Adenoviral Constructs undamaged homologous DNA template, and nonhomologous Adenoviral constructs were generated by in vitro recom- end joining (NHEJ), which is a homology-independent mecha- bination. Full-length EZH2 (av-EZH2) was inserted into an nism that rejoins broken ends, regardless of sequence [31]. adenoviral shuttle [pACCMVpLpA(À) loxP-SSP] provided In vertebrates, HR requires the recombinase RAD51 and by the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI) vector core. its five paralogs RAD51B/RAD51L1, RAD51C/RAD51L2, The virus was complemented in a 293 helper cell line, propa- RAD51D/RAD51L3, XRCC2, and XRCC3 [32]. The sixth gated in 911 cells, and purified on a CsCl gradient. The virus paralog, DMC1, is thought to be only active in meiotic cells was stored in 10 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.4), 137 mM NaCl, 5 mM [32,33]. The RAD51 paralogs share up to 20% amino acid KCl, and 1 mM MgCl2 in 10% (vol/vol) glycerol. As control, identity with the human RAD51 protein and with each other. adenovirus containing no transgene was used. As an addi- Null mutations of any of the paralogs prevent RAD51 from tional control, the full-length luciferase gene, an unrelated assembling at damaged sites, resulting in decreased RAD51 gene, was inserted in an adenovirus (av-luciferase). repair foci formation, hampered HR, and increased sensi- tivity to DNA cross-linking drugs [34–40]. Although the Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Analysis functions and mechanisms of the regulation of the RAD51 RNA was harvested from MCF10A cells infected with vector paralogs are still elusive, an emerging body of data indicates or av-EZH2 constructs using TRIZOL (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, that the RAD51 paralogs are important in maintaining chro- CA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. One micro- mosomal integrity and function in the early and later stages gram of RNA was reverse-transcribed using Superscript II of HR [32,41]. (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer’s instructions and re- We have previously reported that overexpression of the constituted in 20 ml of RNAse-free water. One microliter of PcG EZH2 plays an important role in breast cancer by pro- cDNA product was used for quantitative real-time PCR analy- moting the growth and invasion of breast epithelial cells [14]. sis. Reaction mixes were made by combining 12.5 mlof2Â Moreover, EZH2 is a promising novel biomarker of aggres- SYBR green RT-PCR master mix, 0.5 ml of RNAse inhibitor sive breast cancer, being elevated in invasive and metastatic (Promega, Madison, WI), primer, template, and H2O to a final tumors, when compared to normal breast tissues. Indeed, volume of 25 ml into Smart Cycler Tubes (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, EZH2 is an independent predictor of breast cancer recur- CA). Primers were used at a final concentration of 0.25 mM: rence and death [14]. In breast tissues, EZH2 protein ex- pression increases steadily from normal epithelium to RAD51L1: 5V-TTT CCC CAC TGG AGC TTA TG-3V,5V- epithelial hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive car- CTT CGT CCA AAG CAG AAA GG-3V cinoma, and distant metastasis, supporting the finding that RAD51L2: 5V-GCA TAC CCA GGG CTT CAT AAT C-3V, EZH2 plays a central role in neoplastic transformation [14]. 5V-TTT CGG TGT TCC TCT CCC TTG TGT TTT TCT-3V In this study, we show that EZH2 overexpression down- RAD51L3: 5V-CAG TGG TGG ACC TGG TTT CT-3V,5V- regulates all five RAD51 paralogs, which are necessary for CTG GGC CTC CTA CAA TTT CA-3V HR in breast epithelial cells. This downregulation is associ- XRCC2: 5V-TTC CAT AGG GCT GAG TCT GG-3V,5V- ated with an impaired survival capacity of breast epithelial CCG GAG CAT ATC AAA GTG GT-3V cells amidst the DNA-damaging effects of etoposide and XRCC3: 5V-AAG AAG GTC CCC GTA CTG CT-3V,5V- ionizing radiation. Taken together, these data uncover a link AAA CAC GTT CGT CCC AGA AC-3V between regulators of homeotic gene expression and the DMCI: 5V-AAT GGC ACT TTT TCG AGT GG-3V,5V-CAG DNA repair pathway, and they propose a novel mechanism GCA TCT CAG GAC TGT CA-3V for EZH2 function in breast tumorigenesis. b-Actin: 5V-CTG GAC TTC GAG CAA GAG-3V,5V-AAG GAA GGC TGG AAG AGT-3V.