Georgetown University From the SelectedWorks of Karl Widerquist 2014 [Early Draft] Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Karl Widerquist, Georgetown University-Qatar Jose Antonio Noguera, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Yannick Vanderborght Jurgen De Wispelaere Available at: https://works.bepress.com/widerquist/93/ Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Se Widerquist—Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Widerquist_8107_ffirs01_main.indd 1 3/1/2013 1:56:26 PM •• Se Widerquist—Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Widerquist_8107_ffirs02_main.indd 2 3/1/2013 1:56:17 PM Basic Income An Anthology of Contemporary Research Edited by Karl Widerquist, José A. Noguera, Yannick Vanderborght, and Jurgen De Wispelaere Se Widerquist—Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Widerquist_8107_ffirs03_main.indd 3 3/1/2013 1:56:09 PM This edition first published 2013 © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/ wiley-blackwell. The right of Karl Widerquist, José A. Noguera, Yannick Vanderborght, and Jurgen De Wispelaere to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data •• A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: •• Cover design by •• Set in 10/12.5 pt Galliard by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2013 Se Widerquist—Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Widerquist_8107_ffirs04_main.indd 4 3/1/2013 1:56:00 PM Contents Introduction xi Karl Widerquist, Yannick Vanderborght, José A. Noguera, and Jurgen De Wispelaere Part I: Freedom 1 Introduction: Freedom and Basic Income 2 Karl Widerquist 1. Psychological Aspects of the Guaranteed Income 5 Erich Fromm 2. The Case for a Negative Income Tax: A View from the Right 11 Milton Friedman 3. Why Surfers Should Be Fed: the Crazy-Lazy Challenge 17 Philippe Van Parijs 4. Optional Freedoms 23 Elizabeth Anderson 5. A Republican Right to Basic Income 26 Philip Pettit 6. Why We Demand a Basic Income 32 Karl Widerquist Part II: Justice 39 Introduction: Theories of Justice and Basic Income 40 Karl Widerquist 7. Left-libertarianism and a Global Rent Payment 43 Nicolaus Tideman and Peter Vallentyne 8. Guaranteed Income as a Replacement for the Welfare State 49 Charles Murray Se Widerquist—Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Widerquist_8107_ftoc_main.indd 5 3/5/2013 10:25:22 AM vi Contents 9. A Capitalist Road to Cummunism 52 Robert van der Veen and Philippe Van Parijs 10. Why Marxists and Socialists Should Favor Basic Income 55 Michael Howard 11. Basic Income and the Common Good 62 Bill Jordan 12. Association and Basic Income 72 Bill Jordan Part III: Reciprocity and Exploitation 79 Introduction: Reciprocity and Exploitation 80 Karl Widerquist 13. Brief Comments on Leisure Time 85 John Rawls 14. Liberal Equality, Exploitation, and the Case for an Unconditional Basic Income 87 Stuart White 15. Clamshell Rents? How Resource Equality Causes Exploitation 93 Gijs Van Donselaar 16. Basic Income and the Work Ethic 101 Brian Barry 17. Fairness to Idleness: Is There a Right Not to Work? 105 Andrew Levine 18. Basic Income, Self-respect, and Reciprocity 114 Catriona McKinnon 19. Reciprocity and the Guaranteed Income 123 Karl Widerquist 20. The Morality of the Universal Grant Versus the Ethics of Paid Work 134 Robert van der Veen Part IV: Feminism 141 Introduction: The Feminist Response to Basic Income 142 Se Yannick Vanderborght and Karl Widerquist Widerquist—Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Widerquist_8107_ftoc_main.indd 6 3/5/2013 10:25:23 AM Contents vii 21. Is One Man’s Ceiling Another Woman’s Floor? 145 Ann Withorn 22. Why Basic Income does not Promote Gender Equality 149 Ann S. Orloff 23. A Gender Analysis of Basic Income 153 Ingrid Robeyns 24. A Basic Income for Feminists? 163 Tony Fitzpatrick 25. Free-riding and the Household 173 Carole Pateman 26. Promoting Gender Equity Through a Basic Income 178 Ailsa McKay 27. Good for Women 186 Anne Alstott Part V: Economics 189 Introduction: The Economics of Basic Income 190 Karl Widerquist, José A. Noguera, and Yannick Vanderborght 28. The Case for an Income Guarantee 195 James Tobin 29. What Can We Learn from the Agathotopians? 200 James Meade 30. Basic Income and Efficiency 205 Philippe Van Parijs 31. Basic Income as a Basis for Small Business 210 Bart Nooteboom 32. What (If Anything) Can We Learn from the Negative Income Tax Experiments? 216 Karl Widerquist 33. Efficiency and Participation: The Basic Income Approach 230 Bill Jordan 34. Subsidize Wages 235 Edmund Phelps Se Widerquist—Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Widerquist_8107_ftoc_main.indd 7 3/5/2013 10:25:23 AM viii Contents 35. UBI and the Flat Tax 240 Herbert A. Simon 36. Democracy and General Welfare 242 James M. Buchanan 37. Basic Income and Social Power 246 Koen Raes 38. Cost Estimates for a Basic Income in the United States of America 255 Charles M.A. Clark Part VI: Post-productivism 259 Introduction: Basic Income as a Post-productivist Policy 260 José A. Noguera and Karl Widerquist 39. Ecologism and Basic Income 263 Tony Fitzpatrick 40. A Green Case for Basic Income? 269 Philippe Van Parijs 41. A Non-productivist Design for Social Policies 275 Claus Offe 42. A Post-productivist Welfare Regime 283 Robert E. Goodin 43. Demoralizing the Labor Market: Could Jobs be Like Cars and Concerts? 289 Bert Hamminga 44. Beyond the Wage-based Society 297 André Gorz 45. The Relevance of Basic Income for Post-industrial Economies 307 Fred Block Part VII: Implementation 311 Introduction: The Implementation of Basic Income 312 Karl Widerquist, José A. Noguera, Yannick Vanderborght, and Jurgen De Wispelaere 46. The Shadow of Speenhamland 315 Se Fred Block and Margaret Somers Widerquist—Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Widerquist_8107_ftoc_main.indd 8 3/5/2013 10:25:23 AM Contents ix 47. The Stability of Basic Income 331 Jos de Beus 48. Basic Income and the Welfare State 339 Samuel Brittan 49. Basic Income and Contributory Pensions 346 José A. Noguera 50. Basic Income as a Minimally Presumptuous Social Welfare Policy 351 Robert E. Goodin 51. The Basic Income Guarantee as an Exit Option 357 Joel Handler and Amanda Sheely Babcock 52. Practical Bottlenecks in the Implementation of a Universal Basic Income 360 Jurgen De Wispelaere and Lindsay Stirton Part VIII: Institutions 369 Introduction: Institutional Versions and Cognates of Basic Income 370 José A. Noguera 53. A Global Resources Dividend 375 Thomas W. Pogge 54. From Euro-Stipendium to Euro-Dividend 392 Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght 55. Negative Income Tax: The Original Idea 398 Milton Friedman 56. The Case for a Progressive Negative Income Tax 402 Fred Block and Jeff Manza 57. Stakeholding versus Basic Income 417 Bruce Ackerman and Anne Alstott 58. Reciprocity-sensitive Forms of Basic Income 429 Stuart White 59. Participation Income 435 Anthony B. Atkinson 60. The Trilemma of Participation Income 439 Jurgen De Wispelaere and Lindsay Stirton Se Widerquist—Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research Widerquist_8107_ftoc_main.indd 9 3/5/2013 10:25:23 AM x Contents 61. Sabbatical Grants 447 Claus Offe and Johan de Deken 62. A Uniform Refundable Tax Credit 453 Lily L. Batchelder, Fred T. Goldberg Jr., and Peter R. Orszag 63. A Household Basic Income 461 Luis Sanzo and Rafael Pinilla 64. A COAG versus a COG 464 Guy Standing Part IX: Politics 471 Introduction: Politics 472 Yannick Vanderborght, José A. Noguera, and Karl Widerquist 65. Political Strategies for Basic Income 477 David Purdy 66. The Lack of Political Support for an Income by Right 485 Bill Cavala and Aaron Wildavsky 67. The Ambiguities of Basic Income from a Trade Union Perspective 497 Yannick Vanderborght 68. Basic Income and Social Europe 509 Fritz Scharpf 69. Is Basic Income Politically Feasible in a Social Europe? 516 Philippe Van Parijs 70. Basic Income in the South 523 Philippe Van Parijs 71. How Cash Transfers Promote the Case for Basic Income 527 Guy Standing 72.