Comparative anatomy of the pectoral girdle and upper forelimb in man and the lower primates Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Barter, James T. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 05:49:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551254 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER FORELIMB IN MAN AND THE LOWER PRIMATES by James T. Barter A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Graduate College, University of Arizona 1955 Approved: Director of Thesis ET'-H " r n s r - r This thesis has been submitted in partial fnlfillment o f' require­ ments for an advanced, degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library» Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate- acknowledgment of source is made* Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major depart­ ment or the dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the; material is in the interests of scholar­ ship* In a ll other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author* SIGEBDg T- : i Table of Contents: ' : " . ' . " . ■ 1 ' : ; ; ; " " : Page : - ;" ■; . , .■ ' ■ . , , ■ : ■ - 4' ' JEO.S'b Of ^3e5l*b©S o o o ,o <> o o ,<> o o 6 o-"... o o o b - o o o 2LV Chapter 1 2jl"bZ6 OCltlO *b2.0n e o o o o o o o o o • o o o o o o o o o e 6 1 Ac knowl 6Q,g omsri'bs o 6 o o o <?. <>• o o © © o ©- © . © © o © © 3.0 Chapter 2 Ehterials and Methods = » ofV. o » <, « <,000 0 .«>. <, = 11 Chapter 3 Descriptive Myology of the Beet oral Girdle 0 0 0 0 <, » 15 Ao Muscles connecting the upper extremity, . - to the vertebral colnamo Trapeziuso 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - & © 1^ - Datissimus dorsi ©0 0 © » © « » # © © , © © © 1 8 Idiombdidens © © © 000 © 0 © » © © © 0 © © » 21 ./lievatof scapulae ©: © ;© © © © © © © © © © © © 23 ^ Qmoc ervicalxs © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 23 B© Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the anterior and lateral thoracic walls© Feetoralxs ma^or © -© © © © © © © © © © © © © 2(S Pectoralis minor © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 28 Pectoralis abdominalis © © © © © © © © © © © 30 o3*s,v ilxxs © 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b ■ 0 3^3 Serratus anterior o * o o o o o o o o o o o o 31 Co Muscles of the shouldere Beltoxdeus o o o- o o * oo <> © o o o o o © <> 3^-j- leres miLnor o • 0 ■ 0 © ^ © © <? © 0 © © © * © © © © 3^ feres ma^jor© 0 © 0 © 0 0 © © © 0 0 © © © © © 37 Supraspinatus© © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © , 39 XHf ^SrSpXIlSt^llS O o o O 0 O O o » O 0 " O O C O t> 6 »1|3. Sllfc) SC3.pTtX3.Z*XS <9 o o O o d O O O O O O o O 0 6 0 1|?2 Do Muscles of the upper anno ' , Goracobrachialxs o. o & o & o o 000.0 o o o ii-3 Daceps hrach%% o <> 0 o 0 0 0 o 0 & 0 0 0 0 o 0 Drachn.alzL s 0000 0 <> o o <> o o o o 0 0 <> 0 0 IrxcepSo o o o. o o -- o 0000 o 0 0 o o o o o © I48 Dorsoepitrochleariso © © © ©. © © © © © » © © © 51 Chapter h Comparative Morphology- of the Brachial Plexus * © © © ©. 6$ Baboon© © o © o © © © © © © 0 © © © © © © © © © 00 Gibbon © © © .© © © © © © © © © © . © © © © © © o ,6^ Chnmpansee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © *71 btmaary © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © YI4. Chapter 5 Comparative Osteology © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 78 Scapula© © • © © © © © © ■ © - © © ©,© © © © © © © o 78 C lavicle o © © © © © 0 0 © © © © © © © © © © © 82 Humeruso © © © o .© © Comparative Structure of the Pectoral Girdle © 87 Chapter 6 Oomparative Myology and Function© © © © © © © © © © © © 95 A© Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column© Trapezius0 <= o . © © © © © © O O 0 0 © © © 101 Latissimus dorsl,» O © © © © © 0 © © 0 0 0 © © 103 Bhambdideuso 0 ®" O © Q O © O © © 0 O © O'© 0 105 OraocervicaliSo 0 « © 0 0 © 0 © © O © © 0 © © 1Q7 Levator scapulae c ■ *■ © © © O © O © O 0 0 0 © 0: IO9 B0 Muscles connecting the tipper extremity to the anterior and lateral thoracic walls« Pectoralas major , o o o o e o ^000000000 110 Pectoralis munor 0 0 o o o o o o <> o o o o o l i t Pectoralis abdominalis 0 , 0 0 .« » 115 SilbclaVlUS O-OO© O GOO o o o o o o o o o 116 Serratus anterior © © © ® © o 0. 0 000000 116 Co - Hmscles of the sho'alder0 Deltoa-dens © © © 0 0 o o o o o o. 0 0 6 6 0 e 118 Teres minoro 0 0 0 o ® o 00 o o o o o o o o 120 Teres major® 0 0 0 0 o © 0 © © © o o o o o o 121 Supra spina tus © © © © © o..©: ©. © © O 0 0 0 6 O. 122 Infraspinatus© >. © ©; o © .® © © © 4 G 0© *^;:© 123 Sub sc apularis = © © O G o <9 0 o 0 0 o o p e o 12lt D© Muscles of the upper aim Coracobrachialis , © © © © © © © o o o 0 0 o I 2I4. Biceps brachii© © ® © © © © :© © o 0 o bo. P 126 BhachialiS © ,©■ © © © © © © © © © O 0 0 o p o 12? Triceps © © © © © © © © © © © © © 0 0 o o d o .128 Dorsoepitrochlearis o o o 000 o 000 o o o 129 Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusions © © © © © © © © © 0 0 o o o o 132; Bib liography © © © © © © ©■ © © © © © © © © o o o 0 0 o 136 .§ List of Plates Page. Plate 1 ;Superficial pectoral musculature of an adult - female' 'baboon® © « ©■ o = " •• <•«. •.. « 53^ Plate 2 Superf i c ial dorsal - musculature of an adult V - ■ • female Latoou* o © ««»•.«. ■<>. © © - © © © © ^ © L©: © © 51t Plate 3 Superficial, dorsal musculature of an adult . f g x b b o n .0 ••• O v. © O o o : e O . \o <> .o'- o o 0 0 0 . 0 ‘ o o o o o • Plate i). • Superficial ■pectoral musculature of the left side , ' - ■ ' - . of an immature male chimpanzee © © © © © <, ■ © © © '« © © © '. £6 Plate '5" ‘ ^ Superfielal dorsal musculature of 'the left- side., ; ' ■% : of an immature male chimpanzee. « © © © - © © © © ■© ©' © © © 57 Plate 6 Superficial peGtoral musculature © © © o o d o o d ' <? 58-;;: Plate 7 Deep pectoral■musculature© d o o; d o ' o o o d d d o d o Plate .8 Superficial dorsal musculature © © © • © © ,©' © .© o o ■ o .-. © - o Plate 9 Deep Dorsal 'musculature©: t i '©^©---©i©' ©. I s; Plate 10 Intrinsic m^ of the scapula © © © © © © © © © © 6 2 Plate 11 Intrinsic musculature of the ventral surface of 1 th e scapula © ©. ©- ©. © • © • © © © ©■ > © ©.©■.© -,© © ©.-©"©©- © ©- © 63 Plate 12 Brachial flex o r muscles© © © ©. » ■©, a ©; © © © V© © - © © © © 6h . Plate 13 Left brachial plexus of the baboon, and gibbon© - © -© ;.© .©, o© ; 7.6 .. Plate 1% : Left brachial plexus' of . the chimpanzee and man © © © © . d« ' :77:::%77 ; CO ON E late 15 Scapulae of the gibbons . baboon? and rhesus © © © © » :© .®« - 89 • P late 16 :- Scapulae :<of 'the: dhi^anzee" and man © v © © V © © :© 90 ’ /■;: v;-;: '■ ■ ".^v'- ■■■ .. P late 17 Ventral arid dorsal surfaces of the. left scapulae © © * © - 91 P late; ::1S' > Left; htimeri of adult .prisates© i©: ©- ©. © © © © > © © 92 P late 19 The trhhM skeleton of four primates reduced to the , -v same to ta l length© ... © © © ©- © .© © © . ©-,;»\©-':«-:t^;-93: y llate: 20.;:;. Superior '.view;' d f the thorax and le ft; shoulder girdle -©-a ’ . 9k - ' Shapter One Introduction The scientific investigation of man1s kinships to his “poor relations'* has had a long and varied history0 The Greek; physician Galens whose writings formed the basis of the science of anatomy for over a thousand years* based much of his knowledge of human structure on dissections of the Barbary apeo The first scientific comparative anatomy o f. man and the apes was published by Tyson in 1699* who des­ cribed the anatomy of an infant chimpanzee o At th is time and up to about the time of Darwin* authors made much of the man-like qualities of the anthropoid apes* and the implication at least was that the apes and man were in some, way relatedo I t remained for Linneaus (A0Do 1?58) to correctly place man among the mammals as a member of the order Primates * a position he has w illingly or .unwillingly held. to . this e day0 The next major decision which confronted the taxonomists was that of man' s exact relationship to the-other primates» Thomas Huxley squarely faced the problem when he asserted that the similarities between the great apes and man were far greater than those between the great apes and the lower primates» However* he did not lose sight of the fact that there were significant differences between the apes and man* . differences of such degree as to necessitate placing man in a separate family (passim* Huxley* 1863). Bight years later Darwin lent the weight of his great reputation t© the furtherance of these ideas in his volume* The Descent of Man. ' - - " - / . There was one concept which was im plicit in the writings of both ; : ' v; :/ : 2 these men, that ©f an ©rthogenetic phylogemy far the ajaeestry of man* Meirewer, the litin g primates were viewed as representing a gradated series of the stages of development through which man had passed in : his development» Available evidence today does not support snob a. uniserial.view of man’s deseettto . The development of the ideas of Huxley and Darwin have led to the orthodox view of today which maintains that man has been derived from an animal which would be structurally id en tified as an ■1fapens • • although perhaps we would not readily c la ssify th is animal, as a g o r illa or a gibbon o It is generally conceded that all the existing great apes have become highly specialized as a result of early adaptations to a new environment o .