IRF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT Examiner PRACTICES Sharing Knowledge Across Borders Volume 8, Winter 2015 “Better Roads. Better World.” IRF Examiner ISSN: 2411-3867 IRF Examiner Volume 8, Winter 2015 “Sustainable Transport Practices” IRF EXAMINER: WINTER 2015, Sustainable Transport Practices Articles edited for length by the IRF with the authors’ permission. The full papers form part of the proceedings of the 17th IRF World Meeting & Exhibition. REVIEW BOARD Elena de la Pena, Spanish Road Association Gordon Keller, US Forest Service (rtd) EDITOR Sam Enmon COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2015 by International Road Federation This volume is a product of the International Road Federation. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Road Federation or the organizations they represent. The International Road Federation does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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For permission requests, write to the IRF at: International Road Federation Madison Place 500 Montgomery Street Alexandria, VA 22314 USA Tel: +1 703 535 1001 Fax: +1 703 535 1007 www.IRFnews.org Printed in the United States of America IRF Examiner ISSN: 2411-3867 PREVIOUS EDITIONS Volume 1, Spring 2014: Road Safety Applications Volume 2, Summer 2014: Road Asset Management Volume 3, Fall 2014: ITS: Smart Cities Volume 4, Winter 2014: Pavement Design Volume 5, Spring 2015: Road Safety Analysis Volume 6, Summer 2015: IRF Student Essay Laureates Volume 7, Fall 2015: Road Financing & Economics i he wealth of knowledge accumulated during the 17th IRF World Meeting & Exhibition in Riyadh was the driving force behind our decision to launch the IRF Examiner as a freely available resource for the industry. With this seventh issue, the International Road Federation confirms its role as a leading provider of applied knowledge in areas of vital importance for the global community of road professionals. T H.E. Eng. Abdullah A. Al-Mogbel IRF Chairman oads are the world’s first “social network”. They are fundamental building blocks for human and economic development whose impacts transcend national borders. The benefits of investments in roads have shown how transformative an infrastructure they can be for a wide range of beneficiary communities. At the International Road Federation, we have tried to capture these connections with Ra simple slogan “Better Roads. Better World”. Since we were established 1948, our primary purpose has been to transfer the latest technologies and knowledge from those who have it to those who need it, and in doing so, promote an agenda of shared prosperity that flows from accessible, affordable and sustainable road networks. The IRF Examiner is an essential vehicle to this ambitious agenda. C. Patrick Sankey IRF President & CEO Volume 8, Winter 2015 ii Table of Contents IMPLEMENTATION OF THERMOELECTRIC EFFECTS TO ROAD FACILITIES1 Jaejun Lee; Chisu Lim; Daehoon Kim; Dr. Sooahn Kwon CHARATERIZATION OF DEMOLITION MATERIAL AS UNBOUND PAVEMENT BASE LAYER 7 Manal Abdallah; Mohamed Ibrahim El-Sharkawi Attia CO2 IMPACT OF TWO WHEELERS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES 13 Yosuke Nagahama; Shinri Sone; Agah M. Mulyadi HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION INDEX (HEPI) 21 Hosny Suad; Emad Elbeltagi, PhD.; Hosam Hosny, PhD. AN ONTOLOGY BASED SYSTEM FOR VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUTURES IN THE LANDSCAPE 27 M. Rincón; O. Sánchez; S. Timón; A. Ramírez; A. Alonso; J.A. Martín-Caro THE ROAD SUSTAINABILITY INITIVATIVES IN ABU DHABI 35 Jamal El Zarif, Ph.D. IRF Examiner iii Volume 8, Winter 2015 1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THERMOELECTRIC EFFECTS TO ROAD FACILITIES Main Author: Jaejun Lee Assistant Professor Chonbuk National University Republic of Korea [email protected] Co-Authors: Lim, Chisu Graduate Student Chonbuk National University Republic of Korea Daehoon Kim Graduate Student Chonbuk National University Republic of Korea Dr. Sooahn Kwon Senior Fellow Researcher Korea Instutite of Civil Engineering and Building Technology Republlc of Korea ABSTRACT Energy harvesting stands alone as one of the most interesting techniques for approaching the global energy crisis without depleting natural resources. Road infrastructure energy harvesting technologies are a new research area that encompass technologies that collect the wasted energy occurred in road space such as pavements, external space and store it for later use. Energy surrounding roadways is available in many different forms including wind, solar, thermal and mechanical energy. In this study, the goal is to develop an energy harvesting system that can be installed in roadway barrier. The system can harvest energy from the temperature gradient between the barrier interior and surface using thermoelectric modules. This paper presents a trial energy harvesting system. The system will focus on the development of an energy harvesting system for energy utilization. INTRODUCTION Energy surrounds us and is available in many different 2012] forms, such as wind and solar energy or thermal and Mallick et al. (2009) emphasized that enhanced asphalt mechanical energy. One such naturally occurring energy pavements that include an energy harvesting system, to source is the asphalt pavement that receives a daily reduce Urban Heating Island (UHI) effect, also clearly abundance of solar energy, which dissipates as thermal decrease rutting in asphalt pavements. In their study, energy in the pavement inner structure. The resulting they has conducted a large scale experiment to investigate augmented temperatures with the traffic loads affect the interaction among mechanisms like conduction, dramatically the surrounding environment and the convention and radiation with the engineering parts service life of the pavements through raveling and rutting of the whole system like the geometry of the pipes, the incidents. What makes the concept of harvesting energy temperature of the inner water and rate of the flow fluid. from pavements enticing is that they offer an existed Both wind speed and solar radiation were measured and infrastructure that its dimensions are endless. [Symeoni, solar radiation data were simulated with time. By using IRF Examiner 2 only one pipe and a particular range of fluid flow rate, hence extend the life of the pavement. [Stempihar, et al. temperatures of several points in the slab were collected. In 2012; Zhu, et al.2011]. order to determine the temperature at different levels into Traditional thermoelectric systems are comprised of the pavement, the experimental setup was first modeled in a number of doped semiconductor elements arranged finite element method. electronically in series and thermally in parallel as In general, they found good correlation between the shown in Figure1 below. If heat is flowing between the experimental data from the slab and theoretical data from top and bottom of the thermoelectric device (forming a the simulation model regarding the input temperature temperature gradient) a voltage will be produced and at the pavement system and the surrounding air. They hence an electric current will flow. [Wu, et al. 2011, concluded that the distribution of the temperature in Symeini, 2012] Harvesting thermoelectric energy mainly the slab and the cooling of the surface pavement is the relies on the Seebeck effect that utilizes a temperature diameter of the pipe were affected, however, the flow rate difference between the two ends of the device for driving of the fluid did not affect significantly the temperature of the diffusion of charge carriers. the surrounding space and the slab. They found that the larger the pipe diameter becomes, the steeper temperature THERMOELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY variations occurs from pipe to pavement surface as the larger diameter results in lower level of water temperatures Thermoelectricity (TE) is the conversion of heat into and a higher rate of lowering the pavement surface. electricity (Seebeck effect), or of electricity into heat or [Mallick et al. 2009; Mallick et al. 2011a; Mallick et al. 2011 refrigeration (Peltier effect). The use of the Seebeck effect b; Symeoni, 2012] could allow heat to be saved, which would be otherwise lost. Although the conversion efficiency is very low, Xu et al. (2012) researched hydronic heating used to it has been enjoying renewed favor for several years, prevent ice formation and snow accumulation on road and novel research and development leads have been surface pavements with the purpose of improving driver investigated, such as new materials and the structuring safety. They adopted an extended Darcy law and continuity of matter at the nanoscale. This combination has led to equation to describe water flow caused by moisture active investigations worldwide, but without achieving and temperature gradients. The developed model was the decisive breakthrough, which will give TE a capable of providing good simulations of the evolution prominent place among energy harvesting technologies. of temperature and surface conditions during snowmelt. The most promising applications of TE, in the context Simulation comparisons indicate that including the effects of energy saving, concern thermal engine heat recovery